Ancient Civilizations
Sea-traders who gave away their most valuable possession—the alphabet—for free.
Phoenicians
King who conquered Babylon and allowed the Jews to return home in 536 BC.
Cyrus
Most powerful body in the Roman Republic.
Senate
Successors of Muhammad who exercised political authority.
Caliphs
Roman emperor who issued the Edict of Milan, allowing religious freedom.
Constantine
The writing system developed by the Sumerians.
Cuneiform
Persian king called “God’s instrument” in Isaiah 45.
Cyrus the Great
Declared himself emperor of Rome; murdered by senators.
Julius Caesar
Belief in only one God.
monotheism
Under his rule, Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire.
Theodosius I
Greatest contribution of the Hittites.
Iron tools
According to Genesis 2, he was a farmer before becoming a hunter.
Adam
Rome fought these wars with Carthage from 264–146 BC.
Punic Wars
Place Muslims make a pilgrimage to as part of the Five Pillars.
Mecca
Explain how Christianity expanded under the Roman Empire.
Roman peace (Pax Romana) and the development of infrastructure (road building) enabled the spread of Christianity throughout the empire.
Last great Assyrian king; created one of the world’s first ____
Ashurbanipal; libraries
Five traits of a civilization.
Nephew and heir of Julius Caesar
Princeps (First Citizen) & Caesar Augustuc (powerful ruler)
Two main sects of Islam & how each chooses the caliph.
Sunnis - 75% of Muslims; leader chosen by consensus
Shi'ites - 25% of Muslims; leader chosen by descent
Constantinople remained the primary center of Christian thought and culture from 600 to 1450. 1. Identify two pieces of evidence that would support this claim. 2. Identify one piece of evidence that undermines this claim.
Discuss the justice differences between Hammurabi’s Code and Mosaic Law.
Punishment under Mosaic law was equal to everyone, Hammurabi punished the rich less harshly than the poor.
Historians must ask these 3 questions about the prophecies of someone who claims to be a prophet. Was Muhammad? Explain.
1. Are they from human origin?
2. Are they from satan?
3. Are they from God?
Was Muhammad a prophet? Explain.
Roman senator and historian who documented the empire.
Greek-born Roman who wrote a history of Rome.
Tacitus
Plutarch
Briefly describe what happened during the Islamic invasion of India, over a period of 800 years. Give your opinion as to why this story is primarily not told in textbooks or taught in schools and universities today.
Historians estimate Islamic warriors killed up to 400 million Hindus, forced conversions, abducted Hindu women and children to slave markets and destroyed Hindu temples from 800-1700 AD
Why is it not taught?
Some historians claim that the Byzantine empire remained a strong and viable state after the fall of the western half of the empire. 1. Identify 2 pieces of evidence that would support this claim. 2. Identify 1 piece of evidence to undermine this claim.