Exploration
Why was the Columbian Exchange more significant than previous world exchanges?
It involved both hemispheres, bringing them together.
What does “Renaissance” literally mean?
Rebirth
What is an indulgence?
A certificate granting time off in purgatory
Where and when did Martin Luther post the 95 Theses?
On the door of the church in Wittenberg, October 31, 1517
What was the Catholic Church’s response to the Reformation called?
Counter-Reformation
What is purgatory?
A temporary state of purification before entering heaven
Who was the first to print the Bible in English?
William Tyndale
What was the Thirty Years’ War?
A series of conflicts between Protestant and Catholic forces in Europe
Who was the first European to land in North America?
Leif Erikson
What year was the Gutenberg Bible printed?
1456
What treaty resolved territorial disputes between Spain and Portugal?
Treaty of Tordesillas
What was the dominant intellectual movement of the Renaissance?
Humanism
Who said, “When a coin in the coffer rings, a soul from purgatory springs”?
Johann Tetzel
What phrase summarizes Luther’s stand at the Diet of Worms?
“My conscience is captive to the Word of God.”
What was the purpose of the Council of Trent?
To reaffirm Catholic doctrine and reform abuses
What was an indulgence supposed to provide?
Time off in purgatory
Who led reform in Zurich, Switzerland?
Ulrich Zwingli
What document banned certain books after the Reformation?
The Tridentine Index
Who wrote about China and inspired future exploration?
Marco Polo
What religious group wanted to reform the English Church from within?
Puritans
Who conquered the Aztec Empire in Mexico?
Hernán Cortés
What did “Liberal Arts” education during the Renaissance focus on?
Human reason, literature, philosophy, and science
Who wrote the first English translation of the Bible using the printing press?
William Tyndale
Who was the pope when the Reformation began?
Leo X
Name two doctrines confirmed at the Council of Trent.
Seven sacraments; transubstantiation; authority of the Church over Scripture
What does “transubstantiation” mean?
The bread and wine literally become the body and blood of Christ
Who reformed Geneva and inspired the Calvinist movement?
John Calvin
What term describes the revival movement within the Catholic Church that stressed personal devotion?
Devotio Moderna
Who claimed North America for England?
John Cabot
What was the Diet of Worms?
A trial where Martin Luther refused to recant his teachings
What system did the Mongols create to improve communication across their empire?
Postal Relay System
What was the “Devotio Moderna”?
A Catholic spiritual revival emphasizing personal devotion and social involvement
Who led the reform movement in Zurich?
Ulrich Zwingli
What group wanted to cleanse the English Church of wrong doctrine?
Puritans
What was the Tridentine Index?
A list of books banned by the Catholic Church
What is the belief system called that rejects the Trinity and eternal punishment?
Unitarianism
Which nun reformed the Carmelite order and emphasized meditation and poverty?
Teresa of Avila
What movement reaffirmed traditional Catholic beliefs while addressing church abuses?
Counter-Reformation
Who explored Quebec and the St. Lawrence River?
Samuel de Champlain
What was the Renaissance?
“Rebirth of human creativity”
Explain how Columbus’ voyage was a turning point in European imperialism.
It opened the door for global exploration and exchange; led to the Treaty of Tordesillas and Columbian Exchange.
Name one major invention that transformed learning and communication during the Renaissance.
The printing press (Gutenberg Bible, 1456)
What city was reformed under John Calvin’s leadership?
Geneva
Who translated the Bible that became the 1611 King James Version?
Scholars hired by King James I
Who was Teresa of Avila?
A Carmelite nun who promoted poverty, meditation, and reform within Catholicism
What group believes in pacifism, abolitionism, and simple living?
The Society of Friends (Quakers)
Who sold indulgences that inspired Luther’s protests?
Johann Tetzel
What was the result of the Council of Trent?
Reaffirmation of seven sacraments and the Church’s authority to interpret Scripture
Who’s the explorer after whom America is named?
Amerigo Vespucci
What is Scholasticism?
belief that faith and reason could coexist, especially in medieval universities
List and explain five factors that led to the Protestant Reformation.
Corrupt leadership, indulgences, invention of the printing press, rise of nationalism, desire to read the Bible in common languages.
Explain the three main goals of the Jesuits.
Education, return rulers to Catholicism, evangelize worldwide.
Name the three primary principles of the Reformation.
1) Authority of Scripture, 2) Salvation by grace alone, 3) Priesthood of all believers.
Give four major rulers of the Tudor Dynasty AND one fact about each.
Henry VIII (started Church of England, 6 wives); James VI (son of Henry VIII, died at 14); Mary I (married Philip II, Bloody Mary, executed 280+ Protestants); Elizabeth I (Virgin Queen, 44-year reign, defeated Armada, religious toleration)
Briefly describe what happened during the Islamic invasion of India over 800 years, and why it’s not often taught today.
Muslim invaders killed hundreds of millions over centuries; the topic is avoided for political and cultural reasons in modern education.