The Quiet Revolution
A time of rapid change experienced in Quebec during the 1960s. During this time there were many societal, political and cultural changes in French Canada.
Many French-Canadians wanted francophones to take leadership positions over Quebec, and guide Quebec into the future. Some French-Canadians were separatists and wanted to be distinct from Canada.
What is the name of the issue that French-Canada has with Borden's military response during WWI & why was French-Canada opposed to it?
Conscription Crisis (mandatory enlistment in war)
- most men married young
- Quebec was an agricultural province and needed farmers
- French felt liked second class citizens in the English military
- Quebec felt little loyalty to Great Britain and did not believe it was our war to fight (wanted to be an independent and sovereign nation)
What are the three lens of equality we consider when studying the 4 Waves of Feminism? Provide examples for each lens.
Political Equality --> right to vote, involvement in politics and decision making
Social Equality --> freedom from violence and sexism, freedom to choose partners, freedom from societal expectations (appearance, social activities), education opportunities
Economic Equality --> wages, job choices
What type of flag did Prime Minister Lester Pearson want for Canada?
Truly distinctive and truly national in character
What is the term for Trudeau's popularity in Canada & what did he want to make Canada?
Trudeaumania
"Just Society" --> wanted to build a society where personal and political liberties were protected and the rights of minorities were protected from the majority.
"Just watch me" - War Measures Act (WWI & WWII)
What was Bill 101 and what were the 5 major rules the charter planned to make law?
Law that intended to make Quebec as French as Ontario is English and to ensure that the French culture survived.
English Schools are only open to children who have at least one parent educated in English
Business is to be conducted in French
Courts are to be in French only
Signs are to be posted in French only
Children of recent immigrants must go to French language schools
What major event classifies the first wave of feminism & what type of equality does it represent?
Women's Suffrage: women are granted the right to vote federally in 1918 (political equality)
What historical event leads Canada to creating it's own symbol?
Suez Crisis: Egypt resided Canadians peacekeepers for wearing what they considered a British flag
What is Tommy Douglas known as & what were the details of the policy?
father of Medicare because it existed Saskatchewan before the 1968 Federal policy.
Medicare: Offered to share with each province the costs of a medical plan that would pay for all necessary medical services for people of that province
Who was the premier of Quebec during the Quiet Revolution? List the 4 major policies he puts in place that have historical significance for Quebec.
Jean Lesage:
Lowered voting age to 18, because he wanted his young francophones to be able to vote to show their support for him
Government controls education NOT the Catholic Church, because the Church could no longer afford to support education
Nationalises hydroelectricity (government controlled) Hydro-Quebec
Quebec Pension Plan
Who was Jean Lesage & what did he suggest as opposed to outright sovereignty? What were the arrangements he negotiated with the Canadian government?
Who:Premier of Quebec
Suggested: sovereignty-association
Arrangements: Quebec will control their own taxes, industry, social policies, citizenship and immigration laws BUT will keep close economic ties with Canada
What is the major theme of the third wave of feminism? What is the horrific event that takes place in December 6, 1989 and how is it historically significant to the feminism movement?
The Montreal Massacre: December 6, 1989 (notable - white ribbon campaign, long-lasting, symbolic/representative of key historic trends)
Easily recognizable, traditional colour and emblems, serves as a rallying symbol and hence to a be unifying force
Easily recognizable, traditional colour and emblems, serves as a rallying symbol and hence to a be unifying force
What was Diefenbaker's biggest achievement? Briefly explain.
Canadian Bill of Rights:
An act for the recognition and protection of human right and fundamental freedoms
Legal protections: freedom of speech, religion, press; equal representation before the law.
Federal not constitutional could be changed or abandoned at will by parliament
Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms of 1982
What was the name of the separatist group that caused the October crisis? What was this group responsible for (during the October crisis)?
Front de libération du Québec (FLQ)
Used terrorism to create a socialist Quebec
Responsible for more than 200 bombings, dozens of robberies, and six deaths between 1963-1970
What was the Meech Lake Accord (hint 5 main modifications to the Canadian constitution) & why did it fail?
Set of failed amendments to the Constitution negotiated by Prime Minsister Brian Mulroney. 5 main modifications:
a recognition of the province of Quebec as a "distinct society"
a constitutional veto for Quebec
increased provincial powers with respect to immigration
extension and regulation of the right for a reasonable financial compensation to any province that chooses to opt out of any future federal programs
provincial input in appointing senators and Supreme Court judges
Failed:
Focused on the devolution of federal powers and control to the provincial governments.
Former Canadian Prime Minister and arch-federalist Pierre Trudeau spoke out against the Accord, claiming Mulroney "sold out" to the provinces.
Trudeau argued that Quebec, while distinct, was no more distinct than many other places in the nation. He also stated his belief that the federal government should oppose many provincial initiatives to keep the balance of powers within Confederation.
In a newspaper opinion piece, Trudeau wrote: "[T]he federation was set to last a thousand years. Alas, only one eventuality hadn't been foreseen: that one day the government of Canada would fall into the hands of a weakling. It has now happened."
Many did not believe First Nations had been adequately involved in the Accord's process. Support fell apart in 1990
Ideological Issues: viewed as too radical and were an assault on family life
Intersectionality Issues (age, class and race): movement led by White middle class women
Famous Five: strong proponents of the social gospel, anti-immigrant, only believed white women were people, believed in Eugenics and sterilization of degenerates, believed in segregation, supported Chinese Exclusion Act
Using historical significance explain why Diefenbaker opposed Pearson's "new flag"
Diefenbaker - felt the original flag was ok (had been there for years), felt he was trampling on the things of the spirt and did not keep up with the principles of democracy.
Why is it notable? Was it long-lasting? How has it become symbolic or representative of key historic trends?
What major economic policy is Brain Mulroney known for and why was it significant?
In 1988, Mulroney signed the Free Trade Agreement with the United States. Mulroney believed that the FTA would benefit Canadian businesses by increasing investment and boosting trade between the two countries
Mulroney wanted to reduce the government’s involvement in the economy
Cut government spending
Reduced government debt
Sold government owned businesses: Air Canada, CN and Petro Canada
In 1989 created the Goods and Services tax GST
Using the HTC of ethical dimensions respond to the following question: “Was the use of the War Measures Act by Trudeau’s Liberal Government warranted?”.
Valid and Sincere Action --> given the values at the time was the action honestly justified
Reasonable Strategy --> given what decision-makers knew at the time was the chosen act a reasonable option to achieve intended objective
Affected Groups --> being mindful of the understanding at the time were the rights and interests of various individuals/groups fairly considered?
Using cause and consequence respond to the following question: If you were Prime Minister of Canada what would your policy towards Quebec be? Pick one of the policies below or a combination. In your answer explain the main reasons you think the policy is the best option.
Policy 1 - Do not say or do anything. Let the people of Quebec make their own decision without pressure from the rest of Canada
Policy 2 - Be very tough. Tell Quebec to get in line or to get out of Canada. Prepare plans to force Quebec to separate.
Policy 3 - Tell Quebec you definitely want them in Canada, but that the rest of Canada has already done enough to help Quebec feel secure. You will not give Quebec any more freedoms, and you will strongly oppose any type of separation plan.
Policy 4 - Try to give Quebec more powers and freedom that it currently has, but less than the Parti Quebecois wants. ( like the Meech Lake or Charlottetown deals).
direct/indirect
intended/unintended
Using continuity and change highlight to what extent women have achieved equality in the 20th century. Include specific examples to support your answer
How have things changed? Was it positive or negative? Rapid or slow? Did it mark a turning point in history?
Using the historical perspective respond to the following question: Reflecting on the history of Canada and your current knowledge of Canada's treatment of Indigenous people, do you think Canada should work towards decolonizing our flag for our future generations? In your answer be sure to connect to a specific historical thinking concept and use specific evidence.
Social, cultural, intellectual, and emotional settings that shaped people’s lives and actions in the past
Using the HTC of historical significance respond to the following question: Who was the most successful Prime Minster? Include a specific example to support your answer.
Why is it notable? Was it long-lasting? How has it become symbolic or representative of key historic trends?