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INNERMOST LEADERSHIP ACTIVITY
A MODEL USED TO SOLVE
TOOLS FOR POWERFUL PEOPLE
CONTROLLING BEHAVIOR
GUIDING ETHICAL FRAMEWORK
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REACHING A CHOICE OF ACTION
What is DECISION MAKING? People have difficulty making ethical decisions because they lack formal problem solving Meta Analysis of 1952 RN's 9 Studies in 4 Countries found that non expert nurses display uniform pattern of reasoning & practice.
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A PROCESS UTILIZING DATA, ALTERNATE SOLUTIONS, EVALUATION, SELECTION, IMPLEMENT & EVALUATION
What is TRADITIONAL PROBLEM SOLVING PROCESS?
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A USEFUL TOOL WHICH EXAMINES ALTERNATIVES & COMPARES THEM USING THE SAME CRITERIA
What is A DECISION GRID? Can be useful in times such as changing the method in which care is managed (these tools help avoid objectiveness)
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LEGISLATIVE LAW THAT NOT ONLY PROTECTS THE PT. BUT ALSO PROTECTS THE R.N.
What is THE NURSE PRACTICE ACT? Controls behavior from an external perspective. One for each state, developed first in North Carolina in 1903
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BASED ON A PHILOSOPHY THAT STATE A DECISION IS RIGHT OR WRONG REGARDLESS OF THE CONSEQUENCES
What is DEONTOLOGICAL THEORY? in other words what is right for that situation, duty based is a decision must be made, rights based which means some things are just due (the right to a fair interview), they can be intuitive based which are based on biases which are right for the situation Remember TELEOLOGICAL is based on the premise that decisions should be made for the greatest good for the greatest number
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WHEN ONE SYSTEMATICALLY ANALYZES A PARTICULAR SITUATION AS WHEN PERFORMING A ROOT CAUSE ANALYSIS
What is PROBLEM SOLVING? Getting to the root of a problem, however A more complex analysis which includes a last step or decision & analyzing the situation
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TAKING THE TRADITIONAL SOLVING PROCESS & ADDING ANOTHER STEP AS SETTING AN OBJECTIVE "What do I want to do?"
What is MANAGERIAL DECISION MAKING MODEL? Although we must not make decisions too quickly & we must systematically examine the problem. This can take too long, especially as a MGR, so one must set an objective from the beginning, so time can be saved. Remember it requires clear ID of the problem
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WHEN WE USE HISTORICAL, QUANTITATIVE DATA TO ESTIMATE COST & PROFIT RELATIONSHIP
What is A PAYOFF TABLE? When we use this table we utilize probabilities based on what happened in the past, it is based on quantitative data & shows volume relationship
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WHEN AN R.N. CONTROLS HER/HIS BEHAVIOR FROM AN INTERNAL PERSPECTIVE, "BECAUSE IT IS WHAT I SHOULD DO"
What is ETHICS? Controlling conduct & actions from an internal perspective. Based on relativism according to values.
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AN INSTITUTION INCORPORATES A PROGRESSIVE DISCIPLINE POLICY
What is AUTONOMY?
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COMPLEX PROCESS OF ANALYZING, REFLECTION, CONCEPTUALIZING,ANALYZING, APPLYING, REFLECTION & REACHING A DECISION
What is CRITICAL THINKING? It involves reflective thinking & forming judgement based on evidence. Active mental process, can be used when handling a crisis & there is no time to get to the root of a problem It is also referred to as reflective conceptualizing
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WE AS NURSES USE THIS AS A VENUE TO SET AN OBJECTIVE OR GOAL - UTILIZING A CLEAR ID OF THE PROBLEM
What is THE NURSING PROCESS? This requires a clear ID of the problem & feedback at any given step is important
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WE ARE LOOKING AT ADDRESSING THE CURRENT STAFFING ISSUE BY EVALUATING COST OF TEMPS vs. O.T.
What is A DECISION TREE? Often tied to the outcome of other events
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AN ASSOCIATION KNOWN TO OUTLINE VALUES & RESPONSIBILITIES; & ALSO SERVES AS AN AIDE TO MORAL THINKING
What is THE ANA? Guidelines written in Code of Ethics 1st in 1950 & 5x since then, most recently in 2001. Clearly shows nurses responsibility is 1st to the patient & to assure their environment is safe. In 2009, the ANA developed SCOPE & Standards of Practice, which stems from a self awareness about rights of human beings. Includes such areas as a commitment to managing stress & connecting with others & to maintain confidentiality. Also, to participate on interdisciplinary teams to identify issues. Standards of nursing administration assures there are processes to identify issues, maintain confidentiality & protects the rights of individuals
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AT THE TIME OF EVALUATION INDIVIDUAL GROWTH CAN BE STIMULATED BY UTILIZING WHAT REASONING
What is BENEFICENCE? Actions should do good & if you can't do good do no harm-NONMALIFICENCE
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When one makes choices that are satisfying (not maximizing) & are based on financial rational
What is the "economic man" or the "administrative man"
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This model is a structured approach which is grounded with research & expertise, it involves assessment, problem ID, analysis & selection of best alternative means for evaluation.
What is the Integrated Ethical Problem Solving Model What makes it different are the strategies to make sure it does not occur again. It is a shared approach involving the practitioner, Pt. & others. The Joint Commission expects accrediting bodies to use this approach
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DEMONSTRATING CONSEQUENCES WHICH CAN BE ASSOCIATED WITH CERTAIN ALTERNATIVES
What is A CONSEQUENCE TABLE? Example: Looking at 3 different ways of handling something where do they vary & where are they similar FALLS: Objective is to
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WHEN ONE IS NOT SURE WHAT PRINCIPLES/VALUES APPLY TO A PARTICULAR SITUATION.
Moral uncertainty of moral conflict, both can stem from not knowing what the problem is.
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ETHICAL DECISION MODEL WHICH MASSAGES THE DILEMMA - OUTLINES OPTIONS - REVIEW CRITERIA - AFFIRM POSITION & IMPLEMENT - LOOK BACK
What is THE MORAL MODEL? Who is involved, what are the alternatives/consequences, resolve & weigh out options, act & implement strategy, look back & evaluate the decision
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Tools used to DX, select, reason insightfully with multiple perspectives in mind.
What are: Case Studies Simulation Problem Based Learning
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This model is often referred to as a gut feeling, eventhough it is founded on a nurse's scientific knowledge base
What is Intuitive Decision Making Model
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A popular tool used to determine timing of decisions.
What is the PERT Model. It is a flowchart that predicts when events & activities must take place for a final event to happen. It is also referred to as a critical path that shows something must occur in the sequence before one may proceed. Used by the Navy in connection with the Polaris Missile Program
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WHEN ONE FEELS TRAPPED BECAUSE CONSTRAINTS MAKE IT DIFFICULT TO DO WHATS RIGHT.
What is Moral Distress
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WHEN THE MANAGER MAKES DECISIONS THAT ARE BEST FOR THE MAJORITY & TREAT ALL EQUALLY, IT IS KNOWN AS WHAT 2 PRINCIPLES OF ETHICAL REASONING
What is UTILITY & JUSTICE