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Basic Characteristics of Science
Attitudes of Science
Miscellaneous
History and Beyond
Definitions
100
First level of scientific understanding which involves systematic observation.
What is description?
100
Basic strategy of most science. Shows changes in the dependent variable by manipulating the independent variable.
What is experimentation?
100
A natural science approach to the study of behavior as a subject matter in its own right founded by B.F. Skinner?
What is the experimental analysis of behavior?
100
The philosophy of the science of behavior
What is behaviorism?
100
The activity of living organisms. What people do and say.
What is behavior?
200
Second level of scientific understanding which occurs when repeated observations reveal that two events consistently covary with each other.
What is prediction?
200
The repetition of experiments to determine the reliability and usefulness of findings.
What is replication?
200
The science in which tactics derived from the principles of behavior are applied to socially significant behavior and experimentation is used to identify the variables responsible for the improvement in behavior
What is applied behavior analysis?
200
A natural science approach to the study of behavior as the subject matter. Founded by B. F. Skinner
What is EAB?
200
A systematic approach to the understanding of natural phenomena (as evidenced by description, prediction, and control) that relies on determinism as its fundamental assumption, empiricism as its primary rule, experimentation as its basic strategy, replication as its requirement for believability, parsimony as a value, and philosophic doubt as its guiding conscience.
What is science?
300
The highest level of scientific understanding.
What is control?
300
"Requires that all simple logical explanations for the phenomena under investigation be ruled out experimentally before more complex or abstract explanations are considered.”
What is parsimony?
300
Requires the scientist to continually question the truthfulness of what is regarded as fact. Scientific knowledge must always be viewed as tentative, and the scientist must constantly be willing to replace old discoveries with new discoveries
What is philosophic doubt?
300
Known for his influential article, "Psychology as the behaviorist views it."
Who is John B. Watson?
300
An approach to explaining behavior that assumes that a mental, or "inner," dimension exists that differs from the behavioral dimension and that phenomena in this dimension either directly cause or at least mediate some forms of behavior, if not all.
What is mentalism?
400
This exists when a well-controlled experiment reveals that a specific change in the dependent variable can reliably be produced by specific manipulations of an independent variable, and that the change in the dependent variable was unlikely to be the result of confounding variables.
What is functional relation?
400
The practice of objective observation.
What is empiricism?
400
A thoroughgoing form of behaviorism that attempts to understand all human behavior, including private events, in terms of controlling variables in the history of the person.
What is radical behaviorism?
400
A philosophical position that views behavioral events that cannot be publicly observed as outside the realm of science.
What is methodological behaviorism?
400
A presumed but unobserved process or entity (e.g., Freud's id, ego, and superego).
What is hypothetical construct?
500
White (1975) reported the results of observing the "natural rates" of approval and disapproval by 104 teachers in grades 1 to 12. The knowledge obtained from this study was an example of this level of scientific understanding.
What is description?
500
“Scientists presume that the universe, or at least the part of it they intend to probe with the methods of science, is a lawful and orderly place in which all phenomena occur as the result of other events.”
What is determinism?
500
This is what Watsonian behaviorism became known as
What is S-R psychology?
500
These two significant events in 1968 mark that year as the formal beginning of contemporary applied behavior analysis.
What are the first publication of the Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis & the publication of the paper "Some Current Dimensions of Applied Behavior Analysis" by Baer, Wolf, and Risley?
500
A fictitious or hypothetical variable that often takes the form of another name for the observed phenomenon it claims to explain and contributes nothing to a functional account of understanding of the phenomenon.
What is explanatory fiction?