Pathophysiology & Risk Factors
What is the most common type of dementia.
What is Alzheimer's disease
What protein is associated with Lewy Body Dementia?
Alpha-Synuclein Protein
What are some ways to provide positive stimuli to a patient with dementia?
walks, music, art, exercise, ect.
Our bodies produce this ______ after being exposed to this _______
Antigens, antibodies
What are the 5 common symptoms associated with inflammation?
Pain, redness, swelling, heat, loss of function
Name one cause of delirium.
Infection, fever, anesthesia, electrolyte imbalance, dehydration, sleep deprivation, polypharmacy, or substance use.
Describe a key feature of delirium.
Sudden confusion and disorientation.
Explain how to prevent wandering.
Provide structured activities and supervision.
What type of WBC in the body will be first to the site of an injury?
Neutrophils
What is our nursing priority when we are speaking to the mother of a patient who is deciding whether or not to vaccinate their child?
Education
What brain changes occur in Alzheimer’s disease
Neuronal loss in frontal/temporal lobes and development of plaques and tangles.
A patient experiences mood changes, can become aggressive, and is restless in the early evening. What is this known as?
Sundowning
List two interventions for moderate Alzheimer’s disease.
Maintain safety with environmental modifications. Use short, simple directions, support family coping and respite needs. Provide a calm structured environment. Redirect behaviors and offer consistent reassurance.
What would be an example of a localized manifestation of an infection?
Abscess, swelling, redness, heat, ect.
Humoral immunity (a type of adaptive/acquired immunity) results in what protection that circulates within our bodies?
Antibodies
Name one non modifiable risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease.
Non-modifiable: genetics, gender, advanced age
Modifiable: lifestyle, educational status, comorbidities
Name a late-stage Alzheimer's symptom
Disorientation, communication difficulty, Loss of motor skills, incontinence, dysphagia, inability to recognize family
Identify a nursing intervention for late stage (severe) Alzheimer's Disease
Maintain dignity and comfort. Prevent injury and aspiration. Provide total care and emotional support for caregivers.
If HepA is contracting by eating contaminated food, the patient's mouth is which ling in the chain of infection?
Portal of entry
What is your highest priority when a patient is experiencing anaphylaxis?
Ensuring your have an airway due to Impaired Gas Exchange?
Explain how delirium differs from dementia
Acute onset and fluctuating level of consciousness. Delirium can be cured; dementia is progressive
Why is early diagnosis beneficial
Provides time for future planning, education, and safety.
Explain how to support family caregivers.
Provide respite resources and education.
State one way to promote orientation.
Use clock, calendars, and visual cues.
Cellular immunity comes into play when which type of cells are activated?
T-lymphocytes (T-cells)
A previous stroke can be a common risk factor for what type of dementia?
Vascular Dementia
What is the goal of medication in those with Alzheimer's?
Slow the progress of the disease and symptom management
Describe a priority for delirium management.
Identify and treat the underlying cause
Why do we draw blood cultures prior to starting antibiotics in patient's who have a suspected infection?
To determine the kind of bacteria present so that the correct treatment/medication can be given.
What is true about a pathogenic microorganism?
The ability to cause disease in a host.