How?
How were participants recruited?
Opportunity Sampling
What is an EOG (electrooculogram) used for?
To trace cyclical changes that occur in brain activity during sleep (to record brain activity)
When is each participants woken up?
All participants were woken up when an eye movement pattern lasted for at least a minute
Where did this experiment occur?
A quiet and dark laboratory
Why did researchers record when there was a dream?
They were asked if they had a dream or not, and if they did, then they recorded it to prevent bias
How many participants were there?
There were 9 participants in total
What was used to wake up the participants?
All participants were awaken with a Doorbell
When were participants asked to come to the lab?
They were told to visit right before their normal bedtime
Where the participants recruited from?
University of Chicago's sleep lab
Why were participants asked to stay away from caffeine and Alcohol?
Caffeine could cause alertness and alcohol could cause drowsiness
How many participants showed REM?
All subjects showed REM every night.
What were participants told to stay away from?
Caffeine and Alcohol
When was a dream counted?
The Dream only counted if the recall was clear.
Where were the EOG and EEG placed?
EOG was placed near the eyes and the EEG was placed on the scalp.
Why was the reliability increased due to this being a lab experiment?
Reliability is high as it was a lab experiment with many controls such as the doorbell and the quietness and darkness of the lab.
How many participants stayed for 6 - 17 nights and how many stayed for 1-2 nights?
5 main participants spent between 6 - 17 nights in the lab while 4 spent only 1 - 2 nights.
What was the quantitative data?
Quantitative data such as brain waves, eye movement patterns, and REM sleep duration was collected through the EEG and EOG.
When did dreams occur?
Dreams occur during REM sleep only.
Where could potential distress occur in patients?
Deception of participants being woken up in the wrong sleep stage can cause distress as they'd try recalling dreams harder.
Why was the qualitative data " dream recall" subjective?
Dreams are personal, internal experiences shaped by individual thoughts, memories, and beliefs, so the act of remembering them is also influenced by personal biases and the context of waking
How is REM related to everyday life?
REM sleep is crucial for dreaming, and that dream duration estimates matched REM sleep duration, impacting our understanding of sleep and its relation to everyday life
What did horizontal eye movement represent?
What did vertical eye movement represent?
What about both vertical and horizontal?
Horizontal - 2 people throwing tomatoes at each other.
Vertical eye movement - standing at the bottom of a tall cliff and operating a hoist.
Vertical and horizontal - talking to people standing close to them.
When were dream details more vivid and accurate?
The study showed that the longer the REM sleep period, the longer and more detailed the dream reported.
Where is the correlation between cognitive and biological in this study?
The study reinforced the idea that our biological states influence cognitive and behavioral outcomes due to the usage of thinking and memorizing
(dream recall and duration guess)
Why is this study important to everyday life?
REM sleep is crucial for dreaming, and that dream duration estimates matched REM sleep duration, impacting our understanding of sleep and its relation to everyday life