Basic Syntax
These help us "check our work" when describing syntactic relations in tree form or otherwise
What are Constituency Tests
"*Gnarly tree fell down" is an ungrammatical phrase because it lacks this.
What is a determiner
The morphology of English has been shifting from Synthetic to this type of grammar over time.
What is Analytic
Any element that combines with the Head of a Phrasal Category to “complete” the phrase
What is a Complement
This distinguishes Modifiers from Complements
What is they are optional or not required
These words or phrases specify, identify, or quantify a noun phrase
What are Determiners
The underlined group of words below represents this type of phrase functioning as a Determiner:
The Queen of England's collection of corgies
What is a Genitive Phrase
This is when commonly combined morphemes become stored in the Lexicon as a single unit.
What is Lexicalization
The Predicate is the Complement of this type of phrase.
What is an S or Sentence.
Words like all, both, half, twice, and such
What are Predeterminer Quantifiers
The element that determines the syntactic properties of the phrase
What is the Head
This appears to be the Head of its phrase because it projects its grammatical properties onto the verb in the phrase as in the examples below:
has left the Shire
is leaving the Shire
What is the auxiliary or inflection
Grammatical function words phonologically attached to other words.
What are Clitics?
The Copula usually introduces this type of Subject Complement.
What is a Stative Complement
"Beady Eyed" would be an example of this phrasal category that could function as a modifier
What is an Adjective Phrase
These are groups of words syntactically connected within an S
What are constituents
To form an inversion question from the following sentence, we have to add this:
The man said what?
What is do/does/an aux?
The semantic role of the underlined phrase below:
Fear will keep the local systems in line.
What is a FORCE?
This type of Verbal Complement describes some sort of change or action on the part of the Subject
What is an Inchoative Complement
"Yesterday" modifies this in the following sentence:
He went to school yesterday
What is the Inflected Phrase
This is the theoretical approach to linguistics that forms the basis for most modern linguistics.
What is Generative Grammar
The following phrases have a null or invisible element acting as this:
big scary dogs
ate a lot of cookies
What is the Head
The typical grammatical function of the verb "be" in English
What is the Copula
What type of Complement is illustrated in the following sentence:
They made him president of the club.
Be as specific as possibleWhat is an inchoative object complement
These modifiers are distinguished from IP adjuncts in that they modify the entire clause S
What are disjuncts