Theory
What is the definition of theory
An explanation for a phenomena, or why something occurs
What is deterrence theory
Observes how punishment influences crime prevention
What refers to the likelihood of being caught and punished
Certainty
What is one criticism regarding offender's actions
The theory over simplifies offender's actions and assumes they can act rationally
What is the first feature of theory
The use of objective and systematic observation
What are the three key principles of deterrence theory?
Certainty, severity and celerity
What are some examples of swiftness of punishment?
Include: immediate licence suspension upon charge of drunk driving, specialised courts, and expedited case processing.
What is one criticism of severity and swiftness?
They have limited effectiveness compared to certainty.
What are macro-explanations?
A theory classification that observes social factors that influence crime.
What is the rational choice perspective that underpins classical deterrence theory?
Theory that people maximise pleasure and minimise pain – offenders are rational thinkers weighing costs and benefits of offending.
What are some examples of certainty of punishment?
Include: increased police presence, and surveillance like CCTV.
What is one criticism regarding social, psychological etc. Factors?
There is limited considerations of these factors and their influences on crime/offending.
What are critical perspectives?
They challenge existing power structures and inequalities.
What is the definition of specific deterrence?
Individual experiencing punishment and refraining from reoffending.
What refers to the idea that punishment must follow soon after the crime to be effective?
Celerity of punishment.
What is an example of how CJ policies should focus on certainty of punishment?
Enhanced police presence to increase perceived likelihood of being caught?
What is the role of policy in its relationship to research and theory?
It aims to address the root causes of crime as identified by the theory and, thus, implement and monitor its effectiveness.
What type of deterrence includes laws restricting alcohol sales, lockout laws, and ID scanners to prevent nightlife violence?
General
Which principles do the following examples refer to: death penalty, mandatory sentencing for violent crimes etc.
Severity
What are some of the benefits to introducing rehabilitation and community-based programs alongside deterrence strategies?
They are complementary effects – creating more balanced and comprehensive crime prevention strategies.