Language
During ____, language develops readily. After this, language acquisition is much more difficult and less successful.
critical period (for language)
The definition of ____ is "Using a parent's (or other adult's) facial expression or vocal cues to decide how to deal with novel, ambiguous, or threatening situations"
social referencing
At about 2.5 years old, toddlers begin to engage in ____, a kind of pretend play in which they enact minature dramas with other children or adults.
Sociodramatic play
Popular and likeable children can both be influential in their peer group, but popular children are more likely than likeable chidren to be… a) socially perceptive; b) securely attached; c) aggressive; d) intelligenct
C
What are the main stagse of moral development according to Piaget?
Heteronomous morality, (transitional period), autonomous morality
In units of a language, A is the unit of sound in speech and B is the smallest unit of meaning
A: phonemes, B: morphenes
Name the six primary emotions
Disgust, fear, joy/happiness, sadness, anger, surprise
Acronym: ASDFGH on your keyboard (but G is "gasp" for surprise)
During pretend play, 18-month-old children often engage in ____, ignoring many of a play object's characteristics so theat they can rpetend that it is something else.
Object substitutiton
Which of the following is NOT true of older parents compared with younger parents? Older parents …. a) are more highly educated; b) earn higher incomes; c) use a harsher parenting style; d) are less likely to get divorced within 10 years of having a child.
C
What are the 3 domains of social judgement?
Moral judgment, social-conventional judgement, personal judgment
Language use requires (A), which refers to understanding what others say, and (B), which refers to actually speeaking
A: Comprehension; B: Production
(A) means that various factors can lead to the same mental disorder; (B) means that certain risk factors do not always lead to a disorder. What are A and B?
equifinality and multifinality
John B. Watson, the founder of _____, believed that development is determined by the child's ______ via learning through conditioning.
behaviorism; social environment
Name 2 of the 6 ways in which electronic communication facilitates the creation and maintenance of friendships among children, ACCORDING TO YOUR TEXTBOOK
Greater anonymity; less emphasis on physical appearance; more control over interactions; finding similar peers; 24/7 access; it's fun
There are biological and environmental factors that predispose someone to be prosocial. What are 2 examples of the environmental factors, ACCORDING TO YOUR TEXTBOOK?
modeling and communication of values, opportunities for prosocial activities, discipline and parenting style, peer influences, and interventions
What is an example of the characteristics of infant-directed speech?
emotional tone; exaggerated facial expression; exaggerated pitch; shorter sentences; etc.
According to Dodge, some children have _____, or a general expectation that others are antagonistic to them.
Hostile attributional bias
According to this theory, children go through increasingly complex/abstract stages in their thinking about other people and their perspectives from stage 1 (6-8 years old) to stage 4 (12 years old or older). Name the theorist and the theory.
Selman's Stage Theory of Role Taking
Name 2 of the 3 factors that affect whether childcare has positive or negative effects on children's fucntioning, according to your textbook (p. 544)
characteristics of the child, child's relationship with his/her mother, and the quality of the childcare
In Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning, there are 3 levels and 6 stages. What are the 3 levels?
preconventional level; conventional level; postconventional or principled level
What are the 4 developments necessary to learn a language?
Phonological development; semantic development; syntactic development; pragmatic development
Name 2 of the 5 components of emotions, according to the textbook
neural responses,
phyysiological factors (heart rate, breathing rate, hormone levels),
subjective feelings,
emotional expressions,
desire to take action (escape, approach, or change)
Name five common sociometric categories, and their impact and preference
Popular - high impact, high pref;
rejected - high impact, low pref;
neglected - low impact, moderate pref;
average - moderate impact, moderate pref; controversial - high impact, low pref
Name 3 of the 6 dimensions on which elementary school children often evaluate their friendship.
Validation and caring; conflict resolution; conflict and betrayal; help and guidance; companionship and recreation; intimate exchange
In the first stage of this theory by this person, it was theorized that children regard rules as fixed and tend to weigh consequences more than intentions in evaluating actions. What is the name of this theory, and whose theory is it?
Piaget; heteronomous morality (as opposed to autonomous)