Language
What is infant directed speech?
speech used to talk to infants that is usually higher pitch, shorter sentences and more pauses
What are Bowlby's stages of attachment? (hint: there are four)
Preattachment phase
-0-2 months
-Innate signals +parental responsiveness
Attachment in the making
-6-8 months
-Recognition of and preferential responding to caregivers
Clear cut attachment
-Up to 2 years
-Active seeking, separation distress
Reciprocal relationships
-Age 2 onwards
-Children as relationship partners
What is Basic Emotion Theory?
Emotions are innate, universal and easily recognizable by stereotyped facial expressions
Why is play valuable?
Play:
Supports exploration and hypothesis testing
Is cognitively demanding
Is fun and positive emotions help kids learn
Promotes meaningful socially interactive learning
Enables exchange of high quality language
What is Theory of Constructed Emotion?
Emotions are our brain’s interpretation of how we are feeling, based on its past experience and knowledge
What is word segmentation?
Discovering where words begin and end in fluent speech (begins after 6 mo.)
What is secure base attachment?
The presence of a trusted caregiver provides an infant or toddler with a sense of security that makes it possible for the child to explore the environment
What are self-conscious emotions?
Require that children have a sense of themselves as separate from other people; those affected by how we see ourselves and how we think others perceive us
Not fully developed until age 2
e.g. Guilt, shame, jealousy, pride, etc
What are the four types of play?
ChildxChild= Free play
ChildxAdult= Guided play
AdultxChild= Co-opted play
AdultxAdult= Direct instruction
What is the whole object constraint? (language)
leads children to infer that terms refer to objects as a whole rather than to their parts, substance, color, or other properties
Look at the toma; relying too much on whole object
What's the difference between underextensions and overextensions?
Under: using a word in a more limited context than appropriate
-Believing that dog refers to only THEIR dog not any other one
Over: using a word in a broader context than is appropriate
-Ball: ball, ballon, marble, apple, egg
-Snow: snow, white tail on horse, white flannel bed pad, white puddle of milk on floor
Provide a brief description of the four different types of parenting styles.
Authoritative
-Warm, involved, considers child’s opinions, set standard, firm, high expectations
Authoritarian
-Little warmth, does not consider, enforces rules, punitive discipline, “wild” child view
Permissive
-Mod. warmth, glorifies free expression, no rules, ignores bad behavior, yields to coercion
Uninvolved
-Self centered, minimizes interactions w/ child, doesn’t monitor where the child is, needy
How do children independently emotionally regulate as they get older?
Over the first years of life, children decrease their use of self soothing (e.g. sucking on their thumb) and increase use of distraction (e.g. playing with a different toy)
How does direct instruction impact exploration and discovery?
Instruction approx 3.75 actions performed
Baseline approx 6
Accidental approx 5.75
Children who weren't given instruction performed more actions that lead to spontaneous exploration and discovery
What are the three types of insecure attachment styles?
INSECURE AVOIDANT
Caregivers don't respond to baby’s signals
Not much physical contact
Angry & irritable when together
INSECURE RESISTANT
Unaffectionate and inconsistent
INSECURE DISORGANIZED
Neglect or physical abuse
Depressed mothers
ERP study: If an infant is better at discriminating sounds in a non-native language, their vocabulary is lower. Why?
Better non-native discrimination means an infant is lagging behind for native vocabulary
Kids might not have figured out sound distributions to their own language which will affect vocabulary later on
Belsky et al (1996) assessed attachment security at 12 months and then at the age of 3, brought kids in for a memory task. How did securely attached kids perform compared to those who weren't?
Kids who were securely attached showed better memory for positive events.
Kids who were not secure showed better memory for negative events.
**Encode stuff that’s positive or negative depending on what’s most common to you
For 7 months and beyond: fear is often displayed in response to...
Stranger anxiety (peak ~7-9 months)
Separation anxiety (peak ~15 months)
Nonsocial fears
How do electronic toys compare to traditional toys?
Electronic baby toys are associated with decreases in quality and quantity of language input to babies
Fewer conversation turns
Fewer adult words
Fewer parental responses
How do electronic toys impact parents and autistic children's parent-child play time?
Parents & autistic children talk less and use less lexical diversity with electronic toys
Electronic toys take over the interactions between parents and children
Why do bilingual children (spanish and english) perform better in different gender trials compared to same gender trials?
In Spanish, all nouns have either masculine or feminine gender.
La pelota vs. el zapato (they knew based on the la or el which to look at when asked to find la pelota)
Became harder when asked to find la pelota when there was la galleta vs. la pelota
How does SES affect parenting styles?
Not having enough money creates economic distress which can affect mood which can create conflict (marital) – leads to less involved parenting – leads to emotional insecurity – can gender antisocial or adjustment related problems
Nature of parent jobs where the structures cause more obedience to authority (blue collar)
Extent that you don't have a lot of resources – you can't afford to safer places to live – parents living in less safe neighborhoods to safer ones show a change in parenting styles (less strict)
Two groups of children: (1) children who had been institutionalized, (2) children living with their biological families. Two tasks: emotion identification (identify photographs of facial expressions of emotion) & emotion understanding (match facial expressions to an emotional situation). How did previously institutionalized children perform?
Emotional identification: previously institutionalized children worse than controls for all emotions (e.g. happy, sad, fearful)
Emotion understanding: previously institutionalized children worse than controls for all emotions except anger where performance was equal
Overimitation: Are children more likely to imitate relevant (purposefully waving a paddle) or irrelevant actions (waving a paddle mindlessly while on the phone)?
Children are more likely to imitate relevant actions that were intentional compared to ones that were unintentional (irrelevant)
What is intermittent reinforcement? (textbook: play)
Inconsistent response to a behavior, like sometimes punishing certain behaviors and other times ignoring it