Cognitive Development
Stage when children are egocentric and engage in animism and pretend play
What is the preoperational stage?
Smallest unit of meaning in a language
What is a morpheme?
System that includes the people the child or individual interacts with daily
What is the microsystem?
This type of attachment occurs when caregivers are consistent, dependable and responsive
What is secure attachment?
Conflict or challenge that occurs during ages 1-1/2 to 3 when children are potty trained
What is the autonomy v. shame & doubt stage?
Stage when object permanence is first understood
What is the sensorimotor stage?
First stage of language development, involving soft vowel sounds
What is cooing?
System where the individual's microsystems interact with each other
What is the mesosystem?
This type of attachment occurs in chickens, geese and ducks, when a baby attaches to the first moving object it sees after birth
What is imprinting?
If a child gains confidence during elementary school, Erikson said the child achieved this
What is industry?
The understanding that other people have different thoughts and perspectives
What is theory of mind?
The rules that govern the usage of a language
What is grammar?
System referring to the culture, attitudes and society an individual is raised in
What is the macrosystem?
Harry Harlow's research showed the importance of this factor for attachment
What is touch, or contact comfort?
This happens when an adolescent adopts an identity without exploring any options
Identity foreclosure
Theoretical point at which a child can reach new understanding if a "more knowledgeable other" provides assistance
What is the zone of proximal development?
Stage of language development when a child puts two or more words together to convey meaning
What is telegraphic speech?
This system refers to shifts and transitions within an individuals lifetime
What is chronosystem?
Parenting style that demands unquestioning obedience and often uses coercion or threats to control behavior
What is authoritarian?
Another term for role confusion, this is occurs when a teen is not able to commit to an identity
What is identity diffusion?
This term refers to the assistance or guidance provided by a "more knowledgeable other"
What is scaffolding?
These mistakes happen when children try to apply grammatical rules to irregular words, such as "I runned down the hill"
What is overgeneralization?
System, such as government or media, that impacts the individual but with which the individual typically has little to no direct interaction
What is the exosystem?
Optimal parenting styles that often produces children who are successful and confident
What is authoritative parenting?
When an adolescent is still exploring identities but has not yet adopted one
What is identity moratorium?