Piaget's Stages
This is the stage where children develop object permanence and learn through their senses and motor actions.
What is the Sensorimotor Stage?
This belief system suggests that a person's abilities are fixed and cannot be changed.
What is a fixed mindset?
In Piaget's theory, this stage of morality is where rules are seen as fixed and unchangeable, coming from authority figures.
What is heteronomous morality?
This part of the brain, developing early, controls basic functions like breathing and heart rate.
What is the medulla?
This ethical principle means participants must know what a study is about and agree to take part.
What is informed consent?
A child who struggles to understand that a tall, thin glass holds the same amount of liquid as a short, wide one is lacking this cognitive ability.
What is conservation?
According to Dweck, this type of praise focuses on effort and strategy rather than inherent ability.
What is process praise?
At this level of Kohlberg's theory, moral decisions are based on avoiding punishment or gaining personal rewards.
What is the pre-conventional level?
The "Three Mountains Task" (Piaget & Inhelder) used a model with different colored mountains and a doll to investigate this cognitive concept.
What is egocentrism (or the ability to take another's viewpoint)?
This ethical principle states that participants should be able to leave a study at any point without penalty.
What is the right to withdraw?
This term describes the inability of a pre-operational child to see a situation from another person's point of view.
What is egocentrism?
Willingham's theory states that this must come first before skills can be fully developed.
What is factual knowledge?
A person at Kohlberg's conventional level might make moral decisions based on this, like wanting to be seen as "good" or obeying laws.
What are social rules or group norms?
What is one practical application of Dweck's mindset theory that can be used by teachers or parents?
What is focusing on praising effort rather than ability to encourage children?
Explaining behavior by breaking it down into its simplest parts (e.g., a behavior caused by a single gene) is an example of this debate's perspective.
What is reductionism?
At this stage, children gain the ability to think abstractly and engage in hypothetical reasoning.
What is the Formal Operational Stage?
Give one reason why Dweck suggests that praising effort (process praise) is more effective than praising ability (person praise).
What is that praising effort encourages a growth mindset, leading to persistence, resilience, and a willingness to take on challenges, while praising ability can lead to a fixed mindset and fear of failure?
Explain the key difference between Piaget's heteronomous and autonomous morality.
What is heteronomous (rules are fixed, focus on consequences) versus autonomous (rules can be changed by agreement, focus on intentions)?
What did Piaget and Inhelder conclude from the "Three Mountains Task" about children up to about 7 years old?
What is that they were egocentric and could not 'see' from a viewpoint other than their own?
What is one strength of a holistic approach to studying development, as opposed to a reductionist one?
What is that it provides a richer, more complete understanding of behavior by considering multiple interacting factors, or that it is more realistic?
Explain the difference between assimilation and accommodation in Piaget's theory of adaptation.
What is assimilation (fitting new information into existing schemas) versus accommodation (changing schemas to fit new information)?
Willingham emphasizes the importance of this for making skills automatic, which then frees up working memory for new learning.
What is practice and effort?
Which psychologist, in addition to Piaget and Kohlberg, discussed how children develop a "moral self" influenced by both nature and nurture?
Who is William Damon?
Explain one strategy Willingham suggests for supporting cognitive development in students.
What is using problems that are new and within a student's ability but require effort, or understanding a student's likely stage of development when planning activities?
Give two of the four key principles of the BPS Code of Human Research Ethics.
What are Respect for autonomy, privacy and dignity; Scientific integrity; Social responsibility; and Maximising benefit and minimising harm?