ADHD
What is the Pathophysiology of ADHD?
•Unclear
•-Deficit in dopamine and norepinephrine
•-Delay in brain maturation in the areas of self-regulation – (Executive Function Skills)
What is the Pathophysiology of ASD?
Theories are that there are:
•Defects in genes and gene expression in areas of cell-cycle expression
•Atypical brain construction
•Dysfunctions of neurons of the cerebral cortex (frontal and temporal lobe)
What are the two types of medication classes prescribed for ADHD?
Stimulants and Non-stimulants?
What is the main form of treatment for ASD?
Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) Therapy
Maintaining a daily ________ benefits children with both ADHD & ASD and help them predict what is to happen.
Routine
What are some common clinical manifestations seen with ADHD?
Difficulty completing tasks
-Constant fidgeting
-Is frequently loud and interrupts
-Sleep disturbances
-Difficulty with social relationships in school, with parents and siblings
- Can present as anxiety in girls, making it less diagnosed.
What are some common clinical manifestations seen with ASD?
•Impairments in social interactions
•Impairments in communication
•Impairment in cognitive development
•Impairments inability to adapt to new situations
•Impairments in attention span, ability to organize responses
What is it called when a child doesn't take medications during weekends or school breaks?
Drug Holiday
How can occupational therapy benefit a child with ASD?
Occupational therapy for autism often focuses on play skills, learning strategies, and self-care. OT strategies can also help to manage sensory issues.
This was formerly a diagnosis for "high functioning" autism until 2013 but it is still occasionally used within healthcare.
Asperger's
How is ADHD typically diagnosed?
Kid's
•Vanderbilt Parent & Teacher Scales
•Connors’ Parent & Teacher Rating Scales
•Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
Adolescents- HEEADSSS
Adults – ADHD Self Report Scale
How is ASD typically diagnosed?
-No medical test
-Observed behavior
-Educational testing
-Psychological testing
-Modified Checklist of Autism in Toddlers-Revised
-(M-CHAT-R)
-Other screening tools available for older children
Which are common side effects seen with stimulant medications in ADHD?
Growth restrictions
Decreased appetite
Insomnia
Headaches
Irritability
Moodiness
Tachycardia
How can Speech Therapy benefit a child with ASD?
SLPs can help people with autism build communication and social skills in different settings, such as home, school, and work. They can also help people learn to use Augmented Alternative Communication (AAC) if they need help communicating.
_____ are less likely to be diagnosed with ADHD because it doesn't always present the same.
Young girls
What are the 3 main focus areas in the management of ADHD?
-Behavioral Management
-School
-Medications
The main goals of treatment in ASD?
To function more effectively in social and emotional interactions
Reduce rigidity and stereotypy (repetitive or ritualistic movement, posture, or utterance. Stereotypes may be simple movements such as body rocking, or complex movements such as self-caressing, crossing and uncrossing of legs, and marching in place. )
Reduce maladaptive behaviors
Which type of ADHD medication increases the risk of psychosis and impaired liver functions?
Nonstimulants
How can Cognitive Behavioral Therapy benefit a child with ASD?
Develop better social and problem-solving skills, which consequently helps to improve their relationships with others. CBT helps people with ASD recognize and change thoughts that lead to negative feelings or behaviors and improves self-acceptance.
Term used to described the repetition of heard words and is a very common sign in ASD
Echolalia
What are some risk factors related to the development of ADHD?
Genetic, biological and environmental risk factors.
Prenatal Factors- Preterm birth, smoking, drugs, alcohol and heavy metal exposure during labor.
What are some risk factors related to the development of ASD?
-Advanced maternal/paternal age
-Maternal smoking, alcohol use, or certain medication use during pregnancy
-Premature, low-birth weight babies
-Fragile X Syndrome/Genetics
What type of ADHD medication is most likely to be abused?
Stimulants
How can Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) Therapy benefit a child with ASD?
ABA therapy applies our understanding of how behavior works to real situations. The goal is to increase behaviors that are helpful and decrease behaviors that are harmful or affect learning.
ABA therapy programs can help:
•Increase language and communication skills
•Improve attention, focus, social skills, memory, and academics
•Decrease problem behaviors
What are some goals an adult patient with ASD might have?
Independence-
Develop and maintain social relationships
Goals for an adult might include job training programs to assist adults with ASD.
Being able to self-advocate their needs
Being Flexible
Reduction of anxiety