Stage Fright!
This level of moral reasoning is marked by "wrong" behavior being punished and "right" behavior being rewarded
What is the preconventional level?
Children with this attachment pattern seek little contact with their mothers and are not distressed when she leaves
What is avoidant attachment?
Proposed 4 stages of cognitive development
Who is Jean Piaget?
"If life is a journey, this is its ultimate destination"
What is death?
This stage (crisis) of psychosocial development is marked by whether or not an infant's needs are adequately met by its caregivers
What is trust vs. mistrust?
a process that involves creating an association between a naturally existing stimulus and a previously neutral one
What is classical conditioning?
an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximation of a desired goal
What is shaping?
in operant conditioning, an event that strengthens the behavior it follows
What is a reinforcer?
a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience
What is learning?
in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguished between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus
What is discrimination?
This stage (crisis) of psychosocial development features an adolescent grappling with questions like "Who am I?" and "Where am I going in life?"
What is identity vs. confusion?
Recognition of an attraction to members of one's own species or to surrogates
What is imprinting?
His/her studies of infant monkeys showed the importance of contact comfort in forming attachments
Who is Harry Harlow?
This stage of prenatal development lasts from 2 weeks until the end of the second month
What is the embryonic stage?
This level of moral reasoning is marked by children accepting society's rules as their own because they want to be virtuous and win others' approval
What is the conventional level?
a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcement or diminished if followed by punishment
What is operant conditioning?
in operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses
What is a fixed-ratio schedule?
an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need
What is a primary reinforcer?
learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning)
What is associative learning?
the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses
What is generalization?
A child's inability to mentally "undo" something during the preoperational stage of cognitive development
What is irreversibility?
Emotional distress seen in infants when they are introduced to people they don't know
What is stranger anxiety?
Proposed that individuals progress through three levels (six stages) of moral reasoning
Who is Lawrence Kohlberg?
This stage (crisis) of psychosocial development is marked by reflection on one's life
What is integrity vs. despair?
the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs during classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced
What is extinction?
in operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses
What is a variable-ratio schedule?
a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer
What is a conditioned reinforcer (secondary reinforcer)?
learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
What is latent learning?
Mastery of conservation is characteristic of this stage of cognitive development
What is the concrete operational period?
Children with this attachment pattern appear anxious with their mother near, distraught when she leaves, but not comforted when she returns
What is anxious-ambivalent attachment?
Conducted "A Strange Experiment" to study infant-mother attachment patterns
Who is Mary Ainsworth?
Risky adolescent behavior may be explained by the immaturity of this part of the brain
What is the prefrontal cortex?
This stage of cognitive development features thinking about concepts such as justice, love, and free will
What is the formal operational period?
the initial stage in classical conditioning; the phase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response
What is acquisition?
in operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed.
What is a fixed-interval schedule?
reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
What is continuous reinforcement?
learning by watching others
What is observational learning?
behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus; Skinner's term for behavior learned through classical conditioning
What is respondent behavior?
Children who are competent outside of a nurturing home environment have mastered this stage (crisis) of psychosocial development
What is industry vs. inferiority?
Harlow's studies illustrated that THIS is more important than primary reinforcement (food) when it comes to infant-mother attachment
What is contact comfort?
Studied the three parenting styles and their outcomes on children's personality development
Who is Diana Baumrind?
This type of memory is most vulnerable to age-related memory loss
What is episodic memory?
In the preoperational stage, a boy who says his sister does not have a brother is plagued by this cognitive flaw
What is egocentrism?
the reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished conditioned response
What is spontaneous recovery?
in operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
What is a variable-interval schedule?
reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement
What is partial or intermittent reinforcement?
the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior
What is modeling?
Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely
What is the law of effect?