Infancy
This Psychosocial Crisis can arise from three sources: infant wariness, lack of confidence in the caregiver, and doubt in one’s own lovableness
Mistrust
Tasks change with age
Age-graded Expectations
Ability to behave independently, to perform actions on one’s own
•Autonomy
Formation of increasingly complex sensory and motor schemes that allow infants to organize and exercise some control over their environmen
Sensorimotor Stage
The concept of life-span development implies _________, a capacity for adaptive reorganization at the neurological, psychological, and behavioral levels
Plasticity
Objects in the environment are permanent and do not cease to exist when they are out of reach or view
Object permanence
By interacting with a more verbally competent adult or peer, children are able to reach new levels of linguistic ability
Zone of Proximal Development
In early childhood refers to the tendency of young children to think that everyone sees things in the same way as the child
•Egocentrism
This theory emphasizes: awareness that much learning takes place as a result of observation and imitation of other people’s behavior
Social Learning Theory
Range of abilities that allows us to gather knowledge from our ancestors and transmit it to our descendants
Psychosocial Evolution
•Children with an _____________ style don't explore much, and they don't show much emotion when their mothers leave.
Avoidant Attachment
Some children fail to emerge from toddlerhood with a sense of mastery
Shame and Doubt
Two-word sentences
Telegraphic speech-
According to Freud, this is the rational self or reality principle
Ego
Developing fetus has grown large enough that its movements can be felt by the mother
Quickening
First prime adaptive ego quality: Orientation that goals and dreams can be attained and events will turn out for the best
Hope
This Psychosocial Crisis can arise from three sources: infant wariness, lack of confidence in the caregiver, and doubt in one’s own lovableness
Mistrust
When a child can imagine and pretend that an object is something else
Symbolic Representation
Periods of development when an individual is most ready to acquire a new ability
Sensitive Periods
________have a wide variety of forms, such as viruses; medicines, alcohol, and other drugs that a pregnant woman takes; and environmental toxins.
Teratogens
A child with an____________ style is wary about the situation in general, particularly the stranger, and stays close or even clings to the caregiver rather than exploring the toys
Ambivalent Attachment
Infant and caregiver are involved in similar behaviors or states at the same time
Matching
__________ refers to the variety of ways that adults help children reach a more advanced level of language competence
Verbal Scaffolding
Process by which humans learn tasks required by society to which they are adapting
Developmental Tasks
Biological plan for growth allows each function to emerge systematically until the individual has fully developed – stages form a sequence
Epigenetic Principle