Erik Erickson's Stages of Psychosocial Development
From birth to one year; Infants are dependent upon their caregivers, so caregivers who are responsive and sensitive to their infant’s needs help their baby to see the world as a safe, predictable place
Trust vs Mistrust
Parents are both demanding and responsive; they encourage open lines of communication with their children
Authoritative Parenting Style
From birth to age two; the child completes this stage when they have achieved object permanence
Sensorimotor
Scientist who performed an attachment study with baby monkeys using soft or wire fake mothers
Harry Harlow
The child is good to avoid being punished; no personal morality, moral code shaped by consequences and the standards of adults
Pre-conventional Stage 1 (Obedience and Punishment Orientation)
From ages 20-40; ready to share life with other people; however, if other stages have not been successfully resolved, young adults may have trouble developing and maintaining successful relationships with others
Intimacy vs Isolation
Time shortly after birth when a person's exposure to certain stimulus or experiences produce proper development
Critical Period
From ages 2-7; the child believes that objects and animals have feelings, and has difficulty viewing the world through the perspective of others
Preoperational
Our own sense of male/female personalized to us
Gender Identity
The child becomes aware of the wider rules of society; authority is internalized but not questioned
Conventional Morality Stage 4 (Maintaining the Social Order)
From ages 3-6; children can develop self-confidence and a sense of purpose through social interaction; if stifled by overbearing parents they may develop feelings of guilt
Guilt vs Initiative
A baby turns their face towards the direction a stimulus is coming from
Routing Reflex
From ages 7-11; considered a major turning point by Piaget because children begin to think logically and can work things out internally inside their mind rather than acting them out physically
Concrete Operational
what a beginner/learner can do without help vs what they can do with help
Zone of Proximal Development
The final stage of Kohlberg's moral development; he thought only 10-15% of people were capable of the abstract thinking needed to develop own set of moral guidelines
Post-conventional Morality Stage 6 (Universal Principles)
From ages 2-3; child's main task is to establish independence ex.) choosing clothes, dressing themselves; denying these opportunities may lead to a sense of low self-esteem
Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt
The orderly sequence of genetically designed biological growth processes
Maturation
From adolescence to adulthood; people develop abstract thought and the ability to logically test hypotheses
Formal operational
Chemical agents or viruses that can harm prenatal development
Teratogens
All of Kholberg's participants were males between the ages of 10 and 16. This is an example of a ______
Gender Bias
From mid-60s to the end of life; people look back on their lives and feel either satisfaction or failure (unsuccessful = would have, could have, etc.)
Despair vs Integrity
The child clings to the mother and is reluctant to explore; there is a high level of distrust with others
Insecure/Anxious attachment
Something that Piaget was criticized for overlooking in his stage theory (the ability to take the viewpoint of someone else)
Theory of Mind
The theory that children learn about what it means to be male/female according to cultural values
Gender Schema Theory
Kohlberg claimed this was the farthest stage most people could reach; the individual recognizes that sometimes rules/laws work against individual interests
Post-conventional Morality Stage 5 (Social Contract and Individual Rights)