Prenatal
Most characteristics reflect the influence of many different genes, not just one or two. What term is this describing?
Polygenic influence, polygenic inheritance.
What is the function of the Broca’s and Wernike’s area?
They are the parts of the brain that process language. The Broca’s area is responsible for speech production, articulation, and grammar and structure, while the Wernike’s area is responsible for language comprehension.
What is the zone of proximal development?
The ZPD is the zone in which tasks are too difficult for an individual to do alone, but they can achieve them with the help of a more knowledgeable other. The knowledgeable other changes the level of support to match the learner through scaffolding.
Define a stereotype threat.
Distress and anxiety surrounding confirming a negative stereotype about an individual's social group or identity.
What are some kinds of support that Galena can provide? How do you meet with Galena?
Many kinds of support, chat with them in class or at gmanning1@madisoncollege.edu to meet!
What are the four primary phases in prenatal brain development?
Formation of the neural tube, neurogenesis, neural migration, & neural connectivity. (bonus 100 points if they describe the phases)
What are three reflexes that a newborn has?
Blinking
Babinski
Grasping
Moro
Rooting
Stepping
Sucking
Swimming
Tonic neck
(Plus 100 points if they describe their functions)
Name four types of play that children engage in.
Sensorimotor play: Behavior to derive pleasure from pre-existing sensorimotor schemes.
Practice play: repetition of behavior to learn new skills for physical or mental mastery
pretense/symbolic play: transforming the physical environment into a symbol, for role taking, balancing social roles, and metacognition.
Social play: Play that involves social interactions with peers
Constructive play: combines sensorimotor/ practice play with symbolic representation.
(Bonus 100 points if they explain why children engage in these types of play)
Name the five peer sociometric statuses.
Popular children: Frequently best friend, rarely disliked.
Average children: Average number of positive and negative nominations from peers
Neglected children: not disliked, but infrequently nominated as best friends
Rejected children:Infrequently nominated as best friend, disliked by peers
Controversial children: frequently nominated as being best friends and being disliked.
What are Piaget's stages of development?
Sensorimotor: experience the world through sensory experiences and motor actions
Preoperational: begin to use symbols, language, and imaginative play
Concrete operational: develop concrete logical thinking
Formal operational: develop the understanding of abstract and hypothetical thought
What are four examples of teratogens?
Prescription + non prescription drugs (antibiotics, antidepressants)
Psychoactive drugs (caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, marijuana, heroin, opioids)
Environmental hazards (X-rays)
Maternal diseases (syphilis, rubella, genital herpes, AIDS)
Maternal diet + nutrition
Maternal age
Emotional states + stress
(Bonus 100 points if they describe the way(s) their teratogens impact offspring)
What are the two stages of Erikson’s Theory that occur from birth to three years?
Trust vs Mistrust: Infants are reliant on caregivers. Consistent nurturing care builds trust, while neglectful and inconsistent care leads to mistrust and fear.
Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt: Toddlers seek independence in tasks. Encouraging simple self sufficiency builds autonomy, while overcontrolling parenting creates shame and insecurity
What are the four attachment styles?
Secure attachment: use the caregiver as a secure base to explore the environment. Usually distressed when the caregiver leaves. Caregivers are sensitive to signals
Insecure avoidant attachment: infant does not engage or show interest in caregiver. Unavailable and rejecting parenting.
Insecure resistant attachment: clings to the caregiver, and cries excessively when the caregiver leaves. Are resistant to caregivers upon return. Caregivers only occasionally respond to infants' signals.
Insecure disorganized attachment: infant appears confused, dazed, fearful, and disoriented. Neglectful or physically abusive parenting.
What are the three levels of Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development?
Preconventional reasoning: good and bad is determined through external rewards and punishments
Conventional reasoning: follow expectations and social roles
Post conventional reasoning: flexible thought, in which one deliberately checks their own reasoning to meet highest ethical standards
What is the difference between the traditional approach and the life-span perspective?
The lifespan perspective emphasizes that development occurs through all stages of life, not just until young adulthood.
When are the germinal, embryonic, and fetal periods?
Germinal period: first two weeks after conception
Embryonic period: 2-8 weeks
Fetal period: 2 months- birth
(Bonus 100 points if they describe the three periods)
What are Chess & Thomas’s classifications of temperament?
Easy child: generally in a positive mood, adapts easily to new experiences, and gets into regular routines.
Difficult child: Child cries frequently and reacts negatively. The child is slow to accept change, and has irregular routines.
Slow-to-warm-up child: low intensity of mood, low activity level, and somewhat negative.
Match the term to the definition:
a. Phonology
b. Morphology
c. Syntax
d. Semantics
e. fast mapping
f. pragmatics
The ways are combined to form acceptable sentences
A process that explains how children learn words meanings so quickly
The sound system of a language
Units of meaning involved in word formation (cat) (s)
The appropriate use of language in different contexts
The meaning of words and sentences
A - 3
B - 4
C - 1
D - 6
E - 2
F - 5
What are three cognitive abilities that demonstrate a child is capable of concrete operations?
Conservation
Seriation
Transitivity
Classification
Reversibility
Decentration
What is the stability-change issue?
The debate over the degree to which early traits and characteristics persist or change throughout the lifespan.
Sally May was just born, weighing only 4lbs. What does this make Sally May? Name three possible complications for Sally May in regards to her weight.
Sally May is a low birth weight baby (less than 5 pounds and 8 ounces)
Potential complications
Lower survival rate
Severe brain damage
Lower level of executive function
Lower intelligence
learning disabilities
ADHD
ASD
Breathing issues (asthma)
Why is it difficult to perform experiments with infants? Give an example of a way that you might measure an infant's perception or cognitive functioning?
Infants can’t communicate in the same way that adults can. They have limited cognitive and verbal abilities.
Example: you may measure how long an infant stares at something as to measure engagement
What are Baumrind’s four parenting styles?
Authoritarian: restrictive, punitive. Firm limits and control.
Authoritative: encouraging independence while still placing limits and controls on their actions. communicative.
Neglectful: uninvolved or absent parenting.
Indulgent:highly involved, little limits or control.
Compare and contrast the constructivist approach and the direct instruction approach.
Constructivist approach: Learner centered. Students construct their own learning and knowledge with guidance and support from the instructor
Direct instruction approach: Instructor centered. High structure, teacher direction and control. High expectation of progress.
Name 5 dimensions of the life-span perspective.
Lifelong: happens in all stages of life
Multidimensional: Biological, cognitive, and socioemotional dimensions, with many components within those dimensions
Multidirectional: dimensions and components can grow and shrink throughout life
Plastic: the capacity for change
Multidisciplinary: exists within many disciplines
Contextual: development occurs in settings and contexts
Involves growth, maintenance, and regulation of loss: in terms of cognitive and physical ability
Co construction of biology, culture, and the individual