Social Development, Attachment & Identity
Emotional bond between infant and caregiver.
Attachment
Stage where infants learn whether the world is safe and reliable.
Trust vs. Mistrust
Psychologist who studied identity statuses in adolescents.
James Marcia
Parenting style that is strict, inflexible, and high in demands.
Authoritarian parenting
Ability to organize items based on multiple characteristics at once.
Multiple classification
Ainsworth’s procedure for studying attachment patterns.
Strange Situation
Stage where toddlers begin making choices independently.
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Identity status where a person has explored options and made a commitment.
Identity Achievement
Parenting style that is warm but has few rules or expectations.
Permissive parenting
Ability to order items along a quantitative dimension (size, height, etc.).
Seriation
Attachment style marked by comfort with caregiver, distress when they leave, and calm upon return.
Secure attachment
Stage where children begin initiating tasks and carrying out plans.
Initiative vs. Guilt
Identity status marked by active exploration without commitment.
Identity Moratorium
Parenting style where parents are emotionally detached and not involved.
Uninvolved parenting
Understanding that quantity remains the same despite changes in shape.
Conservation
Attachment style marked by avoidance or anxiety/clinginess.
Insecure attachment
Stage when children compare themselves to peers and develop competence.
Industry vs. Inferiority
Identity status with neither exploration nor commitment.
Identity Diffusion
Parenting style based on equality and shared decision-making.
Equalitarian parenting
Ability to understand what others think, feel, or believe.
Theory of Mind
Type of person who provides instruction and support in Vygotsky’s theory.
More Knowledgeable Other (MKO)
Stage of late adulthood focusing on reflection and satisfaction with life.
Integrity vs. Despair
Identity status where commitment is made without personal exploration.
Identity Foreclosure
Theory that looks at human development through multiple environmental layers.
Ecological Stages Theory (Bronfenbrenner)
Children in Piaget’s preoperational stage show this inability to take another’s perspective.
Egocentrism