Experiments
What is attrition?
When people leave a study. Specifically a longitudinal one.
This psychologist believes that childhood development can be categorized into 4 developmental stages.
Piaget
Object Permanance
The knowledge that things continue to exist even when we cant see them anymore.
Three Identical Strangers depicts the aftermath of an ____________ experiment.
Un-ethical
Zones of proximal development
Zones where we are learning these skills through help from our enviro nment.
What is a cohort?
A group of people born around the same time.
From age 2 to 7 children use their new ability to represent objects in a wide variety of activities, but they do not yet do it in ways that are organized or fully logical and are developing conservation, theory of mind, and symbolic thought.
Pre-Operational
Symbolic thought
The understanding that one thing can represent or stand for something else.
What is developmental psychology?
Who we are as children and how we change as we grow.
Vygotsky's belief about language.
Vygotsky argues that we don’t think about things that aren’t coded in language
What defines biographical research?
Pros & Cons?
Study the impact of something after it happened.
Pros: Can learn about unexpected phenomena.
Cons: Memory is unreliable and we cannot control for variables.
What develops during the concrete operational stage?
What age?
Concrete reasoning
7-12
Concrete reasoning
A correct understanding of our physical world, but reasoning is based on reality rather than abstraction.
Theory of Mind
The understanding that people have different perspectives both physically and mentally.
Piaget's beliefs about language
Piaget thought that language was indicative of symbolic thought
So Piaget posits that before we can talk, we have ideas, and then words just get layered on top of those ideas, (like a map gets layered on top of a real-world environment)
What defines longitudinal research?
Pros & Cons?
Researchers repeatedly examine the same individuals to detect any changes that might occur over some time.
Pros: Get a very large amount of data.
Cons: High attrition rate, hard to control variables, expensive and time-consuming.
From birth to age 2 this stage is defined as the period when infants “think” using their senses and motor actions and re-developing object permanence.
Sensorimotor
Conservation
The principle quality is that quantity remains the same even if the shape changes.
Egocentric
Kids only understand their perspectives.
Describe the differences between Vygotsky's and Piaget's beliefs.
Jean Piaget is the groundbreaking developmental psychologist who tries to answer these questions first.
Lev Vygotsky, a lesser-known developmental Psychologist, has important contributions as well.
Piaget believes that it is “nature” - we naturally progress through these stages and there is very little that can be done to influence when our thinking develops
Vygotsky disagrees - he says that our environment fundamentally shapes us because we are constantly moving into new “Zones of Proximal Development”
What defines cross-sectional research?
Pros & Cons?
Observational studies that analyze data from a population at a single point in time.
Pros: Easy to control variables, easily replicated.
Cons: Doesn't show change over time, doesn't show difference between cohorts.
What develops during the formal operating stage?
What age?
Abstract thinking
12 and beyond
Abstract thinking
The development of a theoretical or conceptual understanding of both earlier concepts and new concepts.
Types of research
Longitudinal
Cross-Sectional
Biographical
What do we say?
OK SO WE SO