A
Any agent that causes an abnormality following fetal exposure during pregnancy.
Teratogens
Example : Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Skills involve small, precise movements, typically of the hands and fingers, or skills involve larger movements using the whole body
Fine vs gross motor
Reflex, that indicate on-track physical and
psychological milestone development: Example Rooting
Infant process reflexes
plexiglass which are used to demonstrate an early ability in infants to perceive depth and an innovative way to assess infant responses.
Visual Cliff Apparatus
Specific, limited time windows in early development (prenatal to early childhood) when the brain is exceptionally receptive to specific environmental stimuli, essential for normal development
Critical periods of development
1st stage of Piaget's (0-2 years)
Understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences (seeing, hearing) with motor actions (reaching, touching). ie: object permanence
Piaget Stages : Sensorimotor stage
Gap between what a learner can do independently and what they can achieve with guidance from a "More Knowledgeable Other
Vygotsky : Zone of proximal development
3rd stage of Piaget (7-11)
Thinking logically about concrete (physical) events, mastering concepts like conservation, classification, and reversibility.
Piaget stages: Concrete operational stage
Accumulation of knowledge, facts, and skills acquired throughout life via education, experience, and culture.
Crystallized intelligence
the smallest, indivisible units of meaning or grammatical function in a language
un = not
er = person doing the action
Language : morphemes
18-30 months: Toddlers' language development: combine 2-3 essential words—usually nouns, verbs, and adjectives
Language Development stages (telegraphic speech)
Type of attachment style:
Develops from consistent, loving caregiving. Secure adults feel comfortable with intimacy and independence, building healthy, stable, and trusting relationships.
Attachment styles : Secure Attachment
Bronfenbrenner's : microsystem interact with each other such as Parent-Teacher conference, your friends’ relationship
Bronfenbrenner's ecological system
Mesosystem
Normal developmental stage in infants (starting ~6–8 months, peaking 10–18 months) involving distress when separated from caregivers
Separation anxiety
Bronfenbrenner: Community, parent’s workplace
Bronfenbrenner's ecological system
Exosystem
Parenting style : Balanced, responsive, and nurturing, with clear rules, high expectations, and open communication
Parenting style - Authoritative Parenting
Bronfenbrenner: Development over time such as major life changes, historical events
Bronfenbrenner's ecological system
Chronosystem
Erikson: 1.5 to 3 years old
Toddlers establishing independence and self-control. Successful navigation leads to a sense of "will" and confidence, while overcontrol or criticism produces feelings of inadequacy, self-doubt, and shame
Erikson's stages of development
Autonomy vs shame and doubt
Potentially traumatic events that occur in childhood (0-17 years).
Adverse childhood experiences (ACE)
Erikson (6-12 years old)
Children developing a sense of competence through mastering academic, social, and physical skills.
Erikson's stages of development
Industry and Inferiority
parenting style: Strict, rigid rules, high expectations, and punishment with little responsiveness or dialogue.
Parenting style : Authoritarian Parenting
Erikson (12-18 years old)
Critical adolescent phase focused on developing a personal sense of self, values, and future direction
Erikson's stages of development
Identity and role confusion
Marcia
Psychosocial developement if person has committed and explored, he / she will be likely go have .......
Marcia’s Theory of Identity Status
Adolescents identity thru: Identity Achievement
Erikson: During late adulthood (roughly age 65+) and involves reflecting on life, either feeling a sense of fulfillment or regret.
Erikson's stages of development
Integrity and despair
Marcia
Psychosocial developement if person has committed but not explored, he / she will be likely go have .......
Marcia’s Theory of Identity Status
Adolescents identity thru: Identity Foreclosure