Developmental Milestones
Attachment & Parenting
Piaget & Vygotsky
Freud & Erikson's Stages
Kohlberg's Stages
100
Newborn infants exhibit these automatic, coordinated movement patterns that help them respond to the environment, such as grasping, rooting, moro, and sucking.
What are reflexes?
100
Theory developed by John Bowlby that bonds formed by children with caregivers are critical to establishing a sense of security and have lasting impact throughout one's lifetime.
What is attachment theory?
100
Mental representations (conceptual frameworks) of the world that are used to make sense of the world.
What are schemas?
100
Psychologist who believed that children progress through psychosexual stages of development centered around pleasure-seeking activities. In each stage, a conflict must be resolved or else a child may develop fixations.
Who is Sigmund Freud?
100
The process by which people develop the distinction between right and wrong and engage in reasoning between the two. Focus of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory.
What is moral development?
200
By about 3 months old, infants reach this physical milestone.
What is lifting the head up independently?
200
In this parenting style, parents are the bosses and do not explain decisions or demands to children.
What is authoritarian parenting?
200
The process by which an individual adjusts their schemas to fit new information.
What is accommodation?
200
Psychologist who proposed these stages of psychosocial development:
Who is Erik Erikson?
200
During Stage 1 of Kohlberg's theory, this is the main concern of individuals and the reason to obey rules.
What is avoiding punishment?
300
By about 6 months old, infants have this perceptual ability, demonstrated by the visual cliff experiment.
What is depth perception?
300
In this attachment style, children are comfortable with being close to or apart from their caregiver(s). They are not afraid of emotions and can have loving and warm relationships.
What is secure attachment?
300
The first stage of cognitive development, according to Piaget. During this stage individuals understand the world through their own senses and movements, and strive to achieve object permanance.
What is the sensorimotor stage?
300
In this stage of psychosocial development, teenagers confront questions such as Who am I?
What is Identity vs. Role Confusion?
300
During early adolescence, individuals move into this level of moral reasoning which includes stages 3 and 4.
What is Conventional Morality?
400
By about 2 years old, children can speak in mostly two-word statements that are missing words but are still easily understandable, known as ______.
What is telegraphic speech?
400
In this parenting style, parents set few rules or demands and often given into children.
What is permissive style parenting?
400
The final stage of cognitive development according to Piaget. Occurs around or after 12 years old when individuals can now think abstractly and use higher-order reasoning.
What is the Formal Operations stage?
400
Final stage of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development in which older adults consider their life choices and experiences.
What is Ego integrity vs. Despair?
400
In this one of Kohlberg's stages, people will follow their own internal principles of justice, even if they conflict with societal laws/rules or result in personal sacrifice to themselves.
What is stage 6: Universal Principles?
500
The idea that certain skills and behaviors can only be learned within a specific window of time, such as language development.
What is a critical period?
500
This parenting style, in which parents discuss and negotiate with children to allow them a voice in decisions affecting their lives, is associated with children who are more likely to become happy and responsible adults who are independent.
What is authoritative (democratic) parenting?
500
This concept, developed by Lev Zygotsky, describes the range of activities that an individual can perform with the guidance of an expert (scaffolding), but can not yet perform on their own.
What is the Zone of Proximal Development?
500
Concept developed by Freud in which a boy wants to posses his mother and replace his father.
What is an Oedipus complex?
500
According to Kohlberg, only about 10-15% of the population reach this level of moral reasoning.
What is postconventional morality?