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Is development a continuous or discontinuous process?
Development is a continuous throughout the lifespan – we don’t stop developing!
What is a 'teratogen' and how does it impact fetal development?
any agent that causes abnormality following foetal exposure during pregnancy (e.g. alcohol)
What are the 3 components of personality based on Freud's psychoanalytic explanation of personality development?
Id, Ego, Superego
Name one component of the Big 5
HINT: OCEAN/CANOE
Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism
Parenting Influences: what is compensating?
Compensating: Adopting an opposite approach to parenting compared to your parents, consciously or unconsciously
What are the 3 main processes in development?
Socio-emotional, biological, and cognitive
Who are 'alleles' inherited from?
Alleles are each form of a gene inherited from parents: one from mother and one from father
What was the strange situation experiment?
a structured observational study to see infant attachment styles
What are ways to reduce emotional contact
Emotional contact can be reduced by:
How many hours does an infant typically sleep?
16-17 hours day
Who coined the evolutionary perspective?
Charles Darwin
Do recessive alleles have an impact on child’s inheritance?
No, recessive alleles have no impact on child’s inheritance
What are the layers to Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological System Model
Microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, chronosystem
What is 'triangulation'?
In families, the child is often the “third party” that is used as a tool of communication - directly or indirectly
Because triangles are all about attentional patterns, sometimes the third party can be external to the family (e.g. the partner of an affair) or even inanimate (e.g. the television)
What does REM stand for?
Rapid eye movement
Infants spend half of their sleeping time in REM (promotes brain development)
Define prenatal and postnatal
before birth (prenatal)
after childbirth (perinatal)
What is synaptic pruning?
Unused neurons are eliminated which allows established neurons to build more elaborate communication networks with other neurons
What are the 4 (now) parenting styles? Hint: there were originally 3
Authoritative, authoritarian, permissive & neglectful
Parenting influences: what is imitating?
Imitating: Replicating the parenting style you received as a child, consciously or unconsciously
What is the definition of a "reflex"
built in reactions to stimuli in the environment
Explain the nature versus nurture argument with examples
the degree to which an individual's characteristics, including personality, behavior, and abilities, are determined by innate biological factors (nature) versus environmental influences (nurture)
How many neurons are we born with?
We are born with 100 billion neurons
Define the Exosystem
Social institutions which affect children indirectly: the parents' work settings and policies, extended family networks, pedagogical practice of school, mass media, community resources
According to Erikson, BLANK is the gap adolescents experience between childhood security and adult autonomy.
Psychosocial moratorium
The following outcomes are associated with what parenting style?
Neglecting-Rejecting