Plant Transport + Nutrition
Plant Growth + Hormones
Flowers, Pollination, Seed Development
Geological Periods & Homeostasis
Muscles & Neurons, Sensory
100
List all of the legumes that have a symbiotic relationship with a nitrogen-fixing bacteria called Rhizobium.
Alfalfa, beans, peas, clover
What enzyme does Rhizobium have that can break the 3x bond in N2?
100
______ light is absorbed by phototropin, while
______ light is absorbed by phytochrome.
Blue light → Phototropin
Phototropism - stem grows in direction of light (auxin induced)
Proton pump in guard cells for stomata opening
Red light → Phytochrome
Germination
Flowering
100
This enzyme is produced by aleurone cells in the presence of gibberellin (GA) hormone.
a-amylase
What does this enzyme do?
Enzyme that digests starch in endosperm
→ sugar for embryo
100
Which two animals are more likely to rely on structural/physiological methods of thermoregulation instead of behavioral mechanisms?
A) Lizard
B) Rabbit
C) Bear
D) Chipmunk
E) Moose
Bear and moose - they are larger animals!
Smaller animals will rely more on behavioral methods of thermoregulation. What does this mean?
100
Which of the following correctly characterizes action potentials? (MULTIPLE SELECT)
a) Self-propagating
b) Localized
c) All-or nothing
d) Produced by voltage-gated channels
e) Spread across receptive regions of the neuron
A, C, D
What stimulates vesicles containing neurotransmitters to release the neurotransmitters from an axon terminal?
200
_______ is a mineral element needed for protein synthesis and ______ is a mineral element needed for nucleic acids.
A) S, Na
B) K, P
C) P, S
D) S, P
E) Na, P
D) S, P
What mineral element is necessary for osmoregulation?
200
A plant's ability to grow in the direction of light and against gravity through asymmetric growth is due to the redistribution of what hormone?
Auxin
200
Meiosis occurs in what male reproductive part and what female reproductive part?
Anther of the stamen → pollen grain
Ovule of the pistil → embryo sac
200
Sometimes referred to as the "Great Dying," this was the largest mass extinction in animal (and Earth's) history due to global warming and ocean acidification. It occurred roughly 250 million years ago.
Permian-Triassic extinction event (aka End-Permian extinction)
200
What causes the power stroke during the cross-bridge cycle?
ADP + P being released from the myosin head
300
Which of the following is not part of the mechanism that allows stomata to open and close?
A) Chloroplasts in guard cells
B) Special cell wall thickenings
C) A contractile vacuole
D) A blue-light activated proton pump
C) A contractile vacuole
300
T/F: Many plant hormones, such as auxin and gibberellins, have specific protein receptors, which when bound to the hormone, activate certain gene repressors in the nucleus.
False, INACTIVATE/removes gene repressors.
300
In regards to embryogenesis, the terminal cell becomes the_____ and the basal cell becomes the______.
A) Embryo, endosperm
B) Endosperm, embryo
C) Embryo, suspensor
D) Suspensor, embryo
Terminal cell --> Embryo
Basal cell --> Suspensor
300
What are the two main lineages in the Pennsylvanian period?
What did each lineage give rise to?
1) Sauropsid lineage --> dinosaurs, modern birds, crocodilians, snakes, lizards
2) Synapsid lineage --> mammals
300
These are invaginations of the muscle cell membrane that carry the action potential deeper into the muscle fiber, ensuring that the signal reaches the sarcoplasmic reticulum for calcium release and muscle contraction.
A) neuromuscular junctions
B) fascicles
C) myofilaments
D) T tubules
E) sarcomeres
T tubules
400
Which of the follow does NOT happen when stomata close?
A) More water is conserved in the plant
B) Less sugar is formed in photosynthesis
C) Less distribution of minerals throughout the plant
D) Increased rate of water flow in xylem
E) All of the above happen when stomata close
D) Increased rate of water flow in xylem
400
Which of the following does not rely on ATP-driven proton pumps?
A) Polar transport of the auxin hormone
B) Opening stomata
C) Apoplastic phloem loading
D) Nodule formation
E) All of the above rely on proton pumps
D) Nodule formation
400
Which of the following is false about fruits?
A) Fruits are "sinks" for sap/sugar
B) Fruits develop from the ovary of a pistil
C) Their purpose is to disperse the next generation
D) The sugars in the fruit support the growth of the developing embryo
E) Fruits do not develop until the egg is fertilized and becomes an embryo
D is false, because sugars in the fruit are meant for attracting animals for seed dispersal, not to support the embryo.
Where does the developing embryo get its sugar then?
400
T/F: The first fishes appeared in the Devonian period.
FALSE, the first fishes appeared in the early Ordovician period.
What kind of fishes evolved in the Devonian period?
400
In a visual system, light is absorbed by rhodopsin in rod, which causes what?
a) a change of shape in bipolar neurons
b) depolarization of the rhodopsin molecule
c) a change in shape of the opsin protein.
d) an increase in the number of rod cells.
c) a change in shape of the opsin protein.
What are the two photoreceptors? Where are they located?
500
Transport of sucrose into phloem...
A) Decreases physical pressure in phloem, thus increasing water potential
B) Causes water to move into adjacent xylem cells due to decreased hydrostatic pressure
C) Increases physical pressure in phloem, thus increasing water potential
D) Causes sucrose to build up, which draws in water from adjacent cells that pushes sugars away from source cells/organs
D
Phloem loading
→ more solutes in phloem
→ lower (more negative) Ys
→ decrease Y
→ draws water from xylem into phloem
→ water pushes phloem sap thru phloem
500
It's Valentine's Day and Jeff wants to get his girlfriend fresh flowers, but not just any flowers. He wants to cut flowers from his own garden and make a custom bouquet for her. He is worried about them going bad after cutting them. Which of the hormones could Jeff apply to the flowers to keep them fresh?
A) Gibberellins
B) Abscissic acid
C) Ethylene
D) Auxin
E) Cytokinins
E) Cytokinins - delay senescence (aging process) of flowers
Opposite of ethylene, which cause ripening/aging of leaves and fruits
GA : ABA (Germination : dormancy)
Auxin : Cytokinin (Axillary bud suppression : Axillary bud outgrowth)
Cytokinin : C2H4 (Green leaves stay attached : red leaves abscise/fall off)
500
Which of the following statements about pollen is false?
a) It is made in the anther
b) It is the male gametophyte and houses sperm
c) It is found in all vascular plants
d) After landing on the stigma of a pistil, it grows into a thread/tube-like structure toward the ovules.
e) All of the above statements about pollen are true
c) It is found in all vascular plants
Pollen is found in angiosperms, which are vascular plants, but not all vascular plants are angiosperms.
500
What are the two main reasons behind the Cambrian Explosion?
1) Increase in global O2 → more O2 dissolved in oceans → increased metabolism
2) Increase in ocean Ca2+ → diverse skeletal elements
Does ocean acidification increase or decrease ocean biodiversity?
500
While VG K+ channels contribute the most to changing membrane potential from ______, VG Na+ channels contribute most to changing membrane potential from_______.
a) A to B; B to C
b) B to C; C to D
c) D to E; C to D
d) C to D; B to C
d) C to D; B to C
VG K+ channels are mainly open during repolarization, VG Na+ channels are mainly open during depolarization.