Animal Development & Behavior
Excretory System
Species Distribution, Pop. Growth, Life Histories
Competition, Predation, Trophic Interactions
Community Ecology, Energy Flows, Nutrient Cycles, Climate
100
List a pro and con of group living
Pros: increases success at finding dark habitats to hide in (fish schools); flocks can detect predators faster (more eyes on the watch)
Cons: more noticeable to predators; greater risk of disease transmission; higher cost associated with competition and resources (more mouths to feed)
100
Osmotic [REGULATORS/CONFORMERS] maintain an internal osmotic pressure through active transport. Because of this, they [CAN/CAN'T] tolerate a range of salinities.
regulators; can
100
What two things define a climate?
Temperature and water availability/precipitation
100
Which of the following best describes Mullerian mimicry?
A) A harmless species mimics a toxic species
B) A predator learns to avoid only one of the species
C) Both species involved are toxic
D) Both species gain protection by looking different from each other
C) Both species involved are toxic
What is the other type of mimicry called? Is the mimic species harmful?
Batesian, no
100
Two most abundant elements in the atmosphere?
Three most abundant elements in the universe?
In atmosphere: Nitrogen (N2) and Oxygen (O2)
In the universe: Hydrogen, helium, and oxygen
200
1. In animals with moderate yolk, cells in the animal hemisphere have [MORE/LESS] cells that [LARGER/SMALLER] in size compared to those in the vegetal hemisphere.
2. T/F: Sea urchin and bird embryos have lots of yolk.
1. More; Smaller
2. FALSE: Birds are very yolky, but sea urchins have little to no yolk.
200
What happened to body fluid osmolarity during the colonization of freshwater in animal evolutionary history?
Lower body fluid osmolarity
200
This dispersion pattern is when the members of species create equal distances among each other, usually because being too close together is harmful for the individuals.
Regular
200
What happens when the tobacco hornworm feeds on jimsonweed?
A) The plant produces toxins that kill the caterpillar
B) The plant grows in size to accommodate the caterpillar's needs
C) The plant produces a chemical that repels all herbivores
D) The plant produces a chemical that attracts parasitoid wasps to attack the caterpillar
D) The plant produces a chemical that attracts parasitoid wasps to attack the caterpillar
200
Complete the following statements:
1. Larger islands have _______ diversity.
2. Larger populations have ______ extinction rates.
3. Communities that are fragile tend to have ______ diversity.
Greater; lower; less
300
Along with limiting water loss, this extraembryonic membrane facilitates gas exchange. It sits beneath the egg shell.
Chorion
What are the other 3 extraembryonic membranes and their functions?
1) Yolk sac - encloses yolk, which provides developing embryo with nutrients
2) Allantois - stores metabolic waste
3) Amnion - surrounds embryo and provides shock absorption/protection
300
Within this structure of the nephron, blood is exposed to high pressure and filtered.
Glomerulus
What collects the filtrate created by the glomerulus?
Bowman's capsule
300
[More/less] corridors and [more/less] land mass are correlated with greater species richness.
More; more
Corridors = physical connections among patches, which are essentially the opposite of what?
Dispersion barriers
300
In the legume-rhizobium relationship, the plant fixes carbon for the bacteria and the bacteria fixes nitrogen for the plant. What type of interaction is this?
Mutualism
How does the rhizobium fix nitrogen?
Rhizobium has nitrogenase enzyme that breaks triple bond in atmospheric N2
300
This term is used to describe the current geological age, when human activity has been the dominant influence on climate and the environment. This is known as the sixth great extinction.
The Anthropocene / Holocene extinction
Anthro = human, cene = new
400
1. The secretion of this vertebrate limb morphogen occurs at Zones of Polarizing Activity (ZPA).
2. Does high concentrations of this morphogen stimulate the development of thumb or pinky?
1. Sonic Hedgehog (Shh)
2. High [Shh] --> Pinky (Low [Shh] --> Thumb)
400
What are two problems that ocean bony fish face? The solution to those problems?
Two problems faced:
Tendency to lose water – dehydration potential
Tendency to gain ions – fluids become too concentrated
Solutions:
Drink water, pump ions out of seawater during absorption
Energy used to excrete ions – specialized cells in gill membranes (use mitochondria-rich cells or chloride cells)
400
1. Animals that follow this type of survivorship curve is characterized by many offspring and low parental care.
2. What type of strategist is an animal with said survivorship curve most likely to be?
Type 3; r strategist
r strategists exhibit...
High reproduction rates
High early mortality rates (Type III survivorship)
Limited parental investment
Broad range of habitats, often unpredictable
Many offspring that are small
Population size fluctuates
400
With each energy/trophic level… [increase/decrease]
Reproduction rates ___________
Populations ___________
Body sizes ___________
- How much energy is actually transferred to the next trophic level?
Decrease, decrease, increase; 10%
400
1. This term refers to the excessive richness of nutrients in a lake or other body of water, frequently due to runoff from the land, which causes a dense growth of plant life and death of animal life from lack of oxygen.
2. These are the areas where O2 levels are too low for aquatic life to survive.
1. Eutrophication
2. Dead zones - example?
Gulf of Mexico's dead zone - due to excessive nutrient runoff, mainly from fertilizers used in agriculture, that flows into the Mississippi River and ultimately into the Gulf.
500
Which germ layer did each of the following originate from?
1. Neural tube
2. Muscles
3. Bones
4. Lining of digestive tracts
5. Notochord
1. Neural tube - ectoderm
(Neural tube eventually becomes what? CNS = brain + spinal cord)
2. Muscles - mesoderm
3. Bones - mesoderm
4. Lining of digestive tracts - endoderm
5. Notochord - mesoderm
500
You and your friends are on a Florida trip and strolling along the beach. You all notice a turtle resting in the warm sand and see a turtle with white, crusty tears running down its face. Your friends ask you what that white patch is. You say the white, crusty tears are due to… (MULTIPLE SELECT)
A) The turtle being sad that Pope Francis died
B) Fungal growth from oceanic moisture
C) The turtle eating salty foods
D) The turtle just watched The Notebook
E) Dried pus from a bacterial infection
F) Removing excess salt from its body
C and F
Other adaptions animals have to remove XS salt from body?
500
Determine which one in each pair would more likely result in greater abundance of a species?
Generalist OR Specialist
Smaller OR larger body
Social OR solitary behavior
Introduced vs. native species
Generalist, smaller body, social, introduced species
500
In the trophic cascades in Yellowstone National Park and in the coastal waters of the Pacific Northwest, the wolves in the former plays the same role as what species in coastal waters of the Pacific Northwest?
Sea otters
No sea otters → High population of sea urchins → Overconsumption of giant kelp → Not enough food source for other species in the area
No wolves → High population of elk → Overgrazing → Stream erosion
Wolves and sea otters are examples of what?
Keystone species
500
Determine if each statement is true or false, and provide explanation:
1. In last century, plants have been growing faster than any time in last 54,000 years.
2. The increase of CO2 from burning fossil fuels is causing an increase in ocean pH, causing the formation of bicarbonate and H+ ions. This is interfering with shell formation ability of ocean organisms.
1. True - Primarily due to the significant increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels caused by human activities like burning fossil fuels (plants use CO2 in photosynthesis).
2. False - increase of CO2 causes a decrease in ocean pH; ocean acidification