Niacinamide (Vitamin B3); L-arginine is added as a formulation stabilizer, not an absorption enhancer
What two symptoms of hypoglycemia are not masked by beta-blockers?
Hunger and Sweating
What term is used to describe a period of hyperglycemia after a period of hypoglycemia?
The Somogyi effect
What method for diagnosing diabetes is unreliable in gestational diabetes?
What cholesterol lowering medication can help lower blood sugar?
Welchol (colesevelam)
How many units of Lantus/Basaglar would be recommended when switching from 50 units of Toujeo?
40 units
Why is hypoglycemia more concerning with Acarbose?
It cannot be treated with sucrose containing products such as fruit juice, hard candies, and some soda/pop products
How many hours after iodinated contrast should be Metformin be held and why?
48 hours; due to the increased risk of lactic acidosis
What is the max dose of Metformin and what vitamin deficiency can it cause?
2,500-2,550 mg/day and Vitamin B12
In what year was Metformin introduced to the US market?
1995
What insulin has the shortest stability when stored at room temperature and how many days is it?
Afrezza (3 days if opened or 10 days if unopened)
What dietary concerns are there when using a SGLT2i?
What neuroendocrine hormone antagonizes the release of glucagon and what drug is an analog of this hormone?
Amylin and Pramlinitide (Symlin)
What 5 anti-diabetic drugs have proven benefit in CVD?
Jardiance, Invokana, Victoza, Ozempic, and Bydureon
From what are GLP-1 RAs derived and what is the peptide called?
The saliva of the gila monster and Exendin 4
Where does Humalog get its generic name?
The lysine and proline amino acids are flipped on the B-chain of insulin at the 28th/29th position; lysine and proline, hence Lispro
What diabetes medication is responsible for the addition of cardiovascular outcomes in clinical trials for all new diabetic medications?
Rosiglitazone
What intestinal cells secrete endogenous GLP-1?
L-cells primarily located in the ileum and the large intestine
Cassia cinnamon and Ceylon cinnamon
What enzyme do glucose test strips use and how do they work?
Glucose oxidase; produces gluconic acid that increases transmission of electrical current
What amino acid is responsible for keeping the A and B chains of insulin connected and what type of bond is responsible for this?
Cysteine and Sulfide Bond
What type of specific cancer and syndrome are concerns with GLP-1 RAs?
Medullary thyroid carcinoma (C-cell) and Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia syndrome type 2 (MEN 2)
What protein is expressed in the muscle tissue during activity and is the reason why muscle tissue does not require insulin for glucose uptake?
GLUT4
What is the corrected sodium for a patient in DKA with a serum Na of 126 mEq/L and a BG of 680 mg/dL and what fluids would you give?
135 mEq/L and 1/2NS
What is the name of the monthly intravitreal injection FDA-approved for diabetic retinopathy?
Lucentis (Ranibizumab)