Pathophysiology
Version of diabetes associated with an autoimmune inflammation.
What is Type I diabetes?
Monofilament and vibration testing are used to assess damage to this region of the body of a patient with diabetes.
What is the Foot?
First line therapy for type II diabetes.
What is metformin?
Two risk factors for ASCVD that should be managed in patients with diabetes.
What are:
Smoking Cessation
Hypertension
Dyslipidemia
Life threatening condition that causes pH to drop below 7.3 and a low plasma glucose level.
What is diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?
The acute diabetic decompensation more closely associated with Type II diabetes.
What is Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS)?
Two of the three findings on a fundoscopic exam that are found in severe, non-proliferative retinopathy.
What are:
Retinal hemorrhages - dark blots with indistinct borders indicating partial obstruction and infarction
Cotton wool spots - white spots with fuzzy borders indicating areas of previous infarction
Microaneurysms - more punctate dark lesions that indicate vascular dilation
Three of the six patient-centered considerations that the ADA recommends in choosing appropriate pharmacologic treatment for patients
What are: Important comorbidities, hypoglycemia risk, effects on body weight, side effects, cost, patient preferences?
Lowering a patient's A1C to less than this percentage has been shown to prevent microvascular disease.
What is 7%?
Reason why patients with diabetes are at increased risk for teeth damage.
What is: Diabetes that is not properly controlled increases glucose in saliva causing increased bacterial growth.
Three risk factors associated with Type II diabetes.
What are: obesity, family history, high-risk ethnicities, age, prediabetes, inactivity, polycystic ovary syndrome, blood lipid levels, gestational diabetes?
According to the American Diabetes Association, testing for Type II diabetes should begin at this age (assuming the patient has no risk factors).
What is 45?
Class of drugs that include sitagliptin and saxagliptin which increase incretin secretion.
What are DPP-4 Inhibitors?
Three barriers that may prevent patients from initiating injectable therapy.
1. Mindset that injectable therapy is a medication of last resort
2. Patient fear of injecting medication with a needle
3. Physical limitations regarding drawing up injectable therapy
4. Patient's perception that injectable medications actually cause comorbidities associated with diabetes
5. Physicians may lack the time and support staff to teach patients
Name of velvety hyperpigmentation of the skin usually found in body folds and associated with insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia.
What is acanthuses nigricans?
Period of time that hemoglobin A1C represents plasma glucose concentrations.
What is four- to twelve- weeks?
What is 6.5%?
A side effect associated with thiazolidinedione.
What are heart failure and edema?
Two of the three vaccines recommended to patients with diabetes.
What are the Influenza vaccine, Pneumococcal 23-valent polysaccharide (Pneumovax), and the Hepatitis B vaccine?
It is what the word "mellitus" in Diabetes mellitus means in Latin.
What is "honey", "sweetness", or "pleasantness"?
Four common manifestations of end-organ damage associated with diabetes.
What are retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, and cardiovascular disease (coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral arterial disease)
The components of the L.E.A.R.N. model.
What are:
Listen, Explain, Acknowledge, Recommend, Negotiate
Mode of action of sulfonylurea.
What is stimulating insulin secretion?
The number of years after diagnosis a Type 1 diabetes patient and a Type 2 diabetes patient should begin receiving annual dilated ophthalmoscopic exams.
What are 5 years (Type 1) and immediately after diagnosis (Type 2)?
In 2008, the ADA honored this American actor, who passed in 2020, for his work on raising awareness for diabetes. His talks about diabetes have become iconic for his pronunciation of "diabetes" as "diabeetus".
Who is Wilford Brimley?