Diabetes and other stuff
What is diabetes ?
A condition occurring when the body’s glucose level is too high. It develops when the pancreas doesn’t make enough insulin or any at all.
Causes of Atherosclerosis
What is buildup of fats and cholesterol (plaque)
What is exercise?
An act involving physical activity which contributes to the body's overall fitness/health
What are the 3 main factors that affect the regional distribution of Diabetes?
Obesity, Diet & Prenatal Malnutrition
Name two other types of diabetes, other than type 1
Gestational , type 2
Hyperetension
What is the resistance in the blood vessels caused by plaque therefore causing the heart to work harder to pump blood and weaken over time.
What is aerobic exercise?
Any physical activity that increases your heart rate along with the amount of oxygen your body uses in order to produce energy.
What is a balanced diet ?
A balanced diet contains the adequate amount of all nutrients required by the body to grow.
Symptoms of stroke
What is
Numbness or weakness of the face, arm or leg (especially on one side of the body).
Sudden confusion
Trouble speaking,walking and seeing through one or both eyes.
Severe headache with no known cause
Give some examples of physical activities that can be classified as exercise
- swimming
- jogging/running
- walking
- cycling
Define obesity
Obesity refers to the excess accumulation of body fat to an extent that is harmful to an individual’s health.
What does bmi stand for and used for ?
Body mass index is a tool that healthcare providers use to estimate the amount of body fat by using your height and weight.
Distinguish between coronary artery disease and coronary microvascular disease
What is:
• CMD is in the arteries withing the heart while CAD occurs on the surface of the heart
• CAD is caused by plaque buildup in artery walls while CMD occurs by the damage of the inner walls of the heart’s smaller blood vessels.
What are some of the consequences of exercise on the body?
- reduces the risk of Type 2 Diabetes & Coronary Heart Disease
- increases metabolism
- increases heart rate
- increases oxygen usage
Why is Type 2 diabetes more widely distributed around the world than Type 1?
Type 2 diabetes is more widely distributed worldwide than Type 1 because it is primarily driven by lifestyle factors like obesity, poor diet, and aging, which are common across many countries, while Type 1 diabetes is less common and more strongly influenced by genetic and autoimmune factors.
Explain the relationship between diet, obesity and diabetes ?
How does diet lead to obesity?
Obesity is caused when extra calories are stored in the body as fat. If you consume high
amounts of energy, particularly found in high fat and high sugar foods: such as hamburgers,
fries , milkshakes and do not use all of the energy through physical activity, much of the
extra energy will be stored in the body as fat.
How does obesity lead to diabetes?
In obese persons, cells of fat tissues have to process more nutrients than they can manage.
The stress in these cells triggers an inflammation that releases a protein known as cytokines.
Cytokines then block the signals of insulin receptors, thus gradually causing the cells to
become resistant to insulin.
Stage of Plaque formation
What is :
Endothelial Damage
LDL Infiltration
Oxidation and Inflammation
Fibrous Cap Formation
Plaque Growth
Give 2 short-term AND long-term effects of aerobic exercise
SHORT TERM:
- increase in heart rate, rate of breathing & blood flow to the heart
- diversion of blood to muscles & dilation of arterioles
- increase in tidal volume and rate of diaphragm/intercostal muscle contraction
LONG TERM:
- increase in the number of RBCs, stroke volume, cardiac efficiency, and size of the heart muscle.
- increase in the size and number of mitochondria in the muscle fibres, increase in the number of capillaries in the muscles, and increase the ratio of capillaries to muscle fibres.
- increase in cross-sectional area of slow-twitch muscle fibres, increase in glycogen series and increase in myoglobin concentration in the muscles.