Screening and Diagnosis
This is the age at which screening for Diabetes Mellitus is done for all people
What is 35-70 (USPSTF)
What is 40-70 (AAFP)
A healthy diet consists of 40-60% of calories from this food group
What are carbohydrates
This is a screening test for diabetic kidney disease and is done yearly
What is spot urine albumin/creatinine ratio
55 year old F with a history of T2D on insulin therapy and HbA1c of 9% was seen by her family physician and had intensification of her insulin therapy. She subsequently described a 'curtain falling' in front of her eyes and was told that this occurs in a particular setting
What is diabetic retinopathy
This is the first line oral medication for the management of T2D
What is metformin
This is when testing for T2D in asymptomatic people is considered
What is BMI greater than or equal to 25 (23 in Asian Americans) with one or more additional risk factors
OR
What is overweight or Obesity
This type of exercise makes you breathe deeply and makes your heart work harder
What is aerobic exercise
These classes of medications should be considered as 2nd line therapy in patients with DKD to reduce progression
What are SGLT-2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists
60 year old M with long standing T2D comes to the clinic complaining of bilateral foot pain described as burning in nature. He has tried some Tylenol without any resolution. He was told by a friend that he likely has
What is peripheral neuropathy
This class of medications reduce glucose/sodium reabsorption, increase urinary glucose excretion and sodium delivery to the distal tubule
What are sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors
These lab orders are equally appropriate for screening for T2D
What is fasting plasma glucose
What is 2-h plasma glucose after 75-g oral glucose tolerance test
What is A1c
This condition can occur with exercise and can cause a change in your heartbeat, make you feel shaky or anxious and make you suddenly begin to sweat more than normal
What is hypoglycemia
These 2 conditions are likely in patients with diabetic ulcers
What are diabetic neuropathy and peripheral vascular disease
50 year old F with longstanding T2D comes to clinic complaining of palpitations that happen at rest. She is also worried about some dizziness that occurs when she rises from a supine position and nearly passed out a few days ago when she got up from bed. She has been finding it difficult to walk her Labrador retriever because she feels breathless. This can be seen in this condition
What is autonomic neuropathy
This class of medications increase insulin secretion, decrease glucagon secretion, and delay gastric emptying (incretin mimetic)
What are glucagon-like-peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor activators
A 24 year old G1P0 is being seen for prenatal care and has no past medical history. Her physician wants to screen her for gestational diabetes as part of routine screening as she is asymptomatic. She was told to get it done at this gestational age
What is 24 weeks
This is designed to assess whether a patient is meeting published recommendations for performing at least 150 minutes per week of moderate or greater-intensity exercise
What is Physical activity vital sign (PAVS)
This is the usual location of diabetic foot ulcers
What is the plantar surface or bottom of the foot
An ophthalmologist is performing a fundoscopy on a patient with marked diabetic retinopathy. Some of her findings include
What are soft exudates (cotton wool spots)
What is neovascularization
What is vitreous hemorrhage
What is retinal detachment
50 year old M with T2D, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, hypertension and HbA1c of 8% was recently started on an anti-diabetic medication. He complains of bilateral lower extremity swelling with heaviness in his legs. He was told that this can happen with a class of medications
What are thiazolidinediones
These are the criteria for diagnosis of T2D
What is HbA1c greater than or equal to 6.5%
Fasting plasma glucose greater than or equal to 126
Random plasma glucose greater than or equal to 200 with symptoms or 2-h greater than or equal to 200
This describes six stages for any major change in behavior
What is Transtheoretical Model
These are 3 recommended antihypertensive medications in patients with diabetic kidney disease (DKD) and hypertension
What are ACE inhibitors, ARBs and aldosterone antagonists
This condition results from chronic, progressive, and destructive arthropathy. It may lead to an exaggerated local inflammatory response, mediated by pro-inflammatory cytokines, resulting in osteoarthropathy
What is Charcot arthropathy
This medication activates glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and GLP-1 receptors, increases insulin secretion and sensitivity, decreases glucagon secretion, and delays gastric emptying
What is tirzepatide (mounjaro)