Metformin
Common side effects of metformin.
What are, "diarrhea, abdominal bloating, and cramping?"
(must include diarrhea with GI issues)
For type 1 diabetes, these types of short acting insulins are preferred to prevent risk of hypoglycemia.
What are insulin analogs (or inhaled insulin).
2025 Diabetes Standards of Care
Section 9
Recommendation 9.2
This class of medications are preferred over insulin in individuals living with Type 2 diabetes, if a patient does not present with insulin deficiency.
What are GLP-1 or GLP-1/GIP receptor agonists?
2025 Diabetes standards of care
Section 9
Recommendation 9.24
This drug is associated with increased risk for lower limb amputation. Avoid use, especially if patient already has history of diabetic foot ulcers.
What is canagliflozin?
This is the A1c goal for most individuals living with diabetes.
What is < 7%?
This [action] may help to prevent or minimize side effects nausea and diarrhea associated with metformin.
Acceptable answers:
What is "take with food?"
What is "slow dose titration"
This long-acting insulin has 2 biosimilars.
What is insulin glargine?
This is the preprandial plasma glucose goal for most individuals living with diabetes.
What is blood glucose 80-130mg/dL?
For people with type 2 diabetes and CKD, use of one of these 3 sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors is recommended to reduce CKD progression and cardiovascular events in individuals with eGFR ≥20 mL/min/1.73 m2.
What are Empagliflozin, Dapagliflozin, or Canagliflozin?
2025 Diabetes Standards of Care
Section 11
Recommendation 11.5a
Diabetes medication classes most associated with hypoglycemia and weight-gain [side effects].
What are insulin and sulfonlyureas?
These 2 side effects are NOT associated with metformin, but ARE common with sulfonylureas such as glipizide and glyburide.
What are weight gain and hypoglycemia.
An insulin formulated with niacinamide for faster absorption and should be taken AT START of meal, rather than before the meal.
What is Fiasp (insulin aspart)?
Checking for these in the urine can help identify high glucose excursions.
What are ketones?
Class of medications STRONGLY recommended for treatment of hypertension in individuals living with diabetes who also have coronary artery disease (CAD) or diabetes + urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio 30-299.
What are ACE/ARBs?
This medication provides the largest reduction in A1c without leading to hypoglycemia or weight-gain.
What Mounjaro (tirzepatide)?
(Ozempic, semaglutide may be accepted however ongoing studies suggest tirzepatide to be superior)
This is the dose of metformin that has the most evidence of benefit. It is generally the goal to attain this dose, although some patients are unable to get to this dose due to GI complaints.
What is 2000mg daily?
The longest-acting insulin currently available in the US.
Brand and generic name please
What is insulin degludec, brand name TRESIBA?
A class of medications that should not be taken with GLP-1 agonists due to the lack of additional benefit.
What are DPP4i's?
A glucagon-like peptide 1 agonist recommended to reduce cardiovascular risk and kidney disease progression in people living with type 2 diabetes and CKD.
What is Ozempic (semaglutide)?
2025 Diabetes Standards of Care
Section 11
Recommendation 11.5b
This technology improves outcomes with injected or infused insulin and is superior to blood glucose monitoring.
What is Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM)?
2025 Diabetes Standards of Care
Section 9
Figure 9.1
The eGFR in which metformin is contraindicated.
What is LESS THAN 30 mL/minute/1.73 m2?
Brand names for the 2 insulin aspart biosimilars.
What are Kirsty and Merilog?
These 2 SGLT2i's are first line for treatment of type 2 diabetes in individuals with heart failure.
What are empagliflozin or dapagliflozin?
To reduce cardiovascular events and CKD progression in people with CKD and albuminuria, this MRA is recommended (if eGFR is ≥25 mL/min/1.73 m2). Potassium levels should be monitored.
What is finerenone? (Karendia)
This oral medication is the only oral option medication with benefit in those living with diabetes and MASLD, (metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease)
What is pioglitazone?