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PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
TYPE 1 VS TYPE 2
RISK FACTORS
S&S
STATS AND MANAGEMENT
100
Two key hormones required to regulate blood glucose levels
What is insulin and glucagon?
100
Why are type 1 diabetic patients often thin?
Switch to fat and protein metabolism
100
A clinical instructor teaches a class for the public about diabetes mellitus. Which individual does the nurse assess as being at highest risk for developing diabetes? a) The 50-year-old client who does not get any physical exercise b) The 56-year-old client who drinks three glasses of wine each evening c) The 42-year-old client who is 50 pounds overweight d) The 38-year-old client who smokes one pack of cigarettes per day
c) The 42-year-old client who is 50 pounds overweight
100
Sweating, weakness, confusion, headache.
What is hypoglycemia?
100
Number of Canadians affected by diabetes or prediabetes
What is 11 million?
200
Type 2 diabetes results as a combination of these two pathophysiological factors
What is insulin resistance and insulin deficiency?
200
Main difference between type 1 and type 2 DM
What is absolute insulin deficiency?
200
50% of people with _____ become type 2 diabetics
What is prediabetes?
200
THREE hallmark signs of DM.
What is polyuria, polyphagia, polydipsia
200
People with diabetes are ______ times more likely to be hospitalized for cardiovascular disease and _____ more likely to be hospitalized for end stage renal disease. a) 3x and 5x b) 2x and 8x c) 4x and 10x d) 3x and 12x
3x and 12x Diabets contributes to 30% of strokes, 40% of heart attacks, and 50% of kidney failures, and 70% of non traumatic foot amputations
300
3 risk factors for type 1 diabetes
What is genetic predisposition, environmental trigger, and immunological response?
300
Why is ketonuria and DKA rare in type 2 DM?
There is still insulin produced for glucose metabolism
300
Why might certain ethnic groups (ie. Aboriginal) be at higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes?
Low socioeconomic status, genetic predisposition, barriers to health care
300
When a client learned that the symptoms of diabetes were caused by high levels of blood glucose the client decided to stop eating carbohydrates. The nurse would be concerned that the client would develop what complication? a. acidosis b. atherosclerosis c. glycosuria d. retinopathy
Acidosis (DKA)
300
The risk of blindness in diabetic patients is ____ times higher than those without. a) 10 b) 15 c) 20 d) 25
25 times
400
Symptomatic type 2 diabetes occurs when ...
What is insulin deficiency related to beta cell exhaustion?
400
A patient diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus is admitted to the medical unit with pneumonia. The patient’s oral antidiabetic medication has been discontinued and the patient is now receiving insulin for glucose control. Why?
Stress (ex. infection, surgery) increases risk for hyperglycemia
400
Why aren't all overweight or obese people diabetic?
There is a genetic predisposition. The body may still be able to sustain high insulin production without beta cell exhaustion
400
Why does blurry vision occur?
Change in osmolarity of fluids in the lens
400
What is the cost of diabetes on the health care system in 2016? a) 646 million b) 890 million c) 1.5 billion d) 3.4 billion
3.4 billion dollars (projected 5 billion in 2026)
500
Why does polyuria and polydipsia occur in diabetics?
Glucose is an osmotically active molecule that will draw fluid out of cells (thirst) and pulls water and electrolytes with it in the kidneys (frequent urination)
500
Ketones are found in the urine in which type of DM and why?
type 1 diabetics do not have insulin and therefore burn fats for energy which produces ketones
500
What are the 5 components of metabolic syndrome?
Visceral obesity, HTN, high TG, low HDL, insulin resistance
500
What is the cause of poor circulation in diabetics that cause numbness, tingling, and slow wound healing
Blood is thicker due to dehydration (also related to thickening of vessel walls)
500
Why is physical activity and weight loss encouraged?
Increases insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake, reduce hepatic output * it can improve glycemic control and disease progression but will not reverse it