Terms r/t diabetes
A serious condition of type 2 diabetes resulting from an insulin deficiency, initiated by an illness that increases the demand for insulin. Blood glucose level is usually around 600 to 1200 mg/dL and osmolality greater than 320 mOsm/kg.
What is hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome (HHS)
Results from insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion.
S/S's include obesity, history of HTN, lack of islet cell antibodies, diagnosed after 30 years old, nutrition and lifestyle modifications are the primary goal to managing this disease. Results from insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion
What is type 2 DM
Lab test result greater than or equal to 6.5%; is considered to be criteria for diagnosing diabetes
What is hemoglobin A1C
Method used for insulin-dependent diabetics that fluctuates the dose of insulin based off frequent blood glucose monitoring. This type of treatment is most often used in hospitals or other health care facilities, where it is less demanding for health care providers to monitor blood sugar levels.
What is the insulin sliding scale
Checking this value before meals at bedtime
What is blood glucose monitoring
A highly acidic substance formed when the liver breaks down free fatty acids in the absence of insulin
What are ketones
-Characterized by the destruction of pancreatic beta cells
-Etiology includes genetic, immunologic, and possible environmental factors, (a virus or toxin)
-Must have exogenous insulin to survive
What is diabetes type 1
-Blood glucose levels greater than 250 and as high as 800 mg/dl in most cases
-Hyperglycemia, ketosis, and metabolic acidosis are the 3 major metabolic disturbances that occur
Diabetic ketoacidosis, DKA
Subcutaneous injections, insulin pens, jet injectors, insulin pumps, and eventually implantable insulin pumps
What is Methods of insulin delivery
The correct protocol for self-injecting insulin pertaining to location refers to
What is rotating of injection sites
(must be at least 1 cm away from previous injection site)
-A hormone secreted by beta cells of the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas that is necessary for the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. A deficiency of this hormone results in diabetes
What is insulin
A long-term complication of diabetes resulting from damage to the nerve cells
What is neuropathy
Characterized by fasting blood glucose levels that are between 100 to 125 mg/dl and classified as impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) or impaired fasting glucose (IFG)
What is Pre-diabetes
Rapid-acting (Humalog), short/regular (Humulin R), intermediate (NPH), & long-acting (Lantus)
What are categories of Insulin
Asking about Lifestyle, cultural, psychosocial, and economic assessment; use of tobacco, ETOH, prescribed, and OTC medications
What is obtaining patient history
A hormone produced by the alpha cells of the pancreas that stimulate the liver to breakdown glycogen, then store glucose
What is glucagon
Abnormally low blood sugar, < 70 mg/dl that can cause symptoms like fatigue, irratibility, confusion, headaches, weakness, dysrhythmias, and trembling
What is hypoglycemia (low blood sugar)
Blood glucose levels that drop below 40 mg/dl and signs and symptoms include disoriented behavior, seizures, difficulty arousing from sleep, and/or loss of consciousness.
What is severe hypoglycemia
-Common oral antidiabetic agent (biguanide) used in type 2 DM to control blood glucose levels
-Inhibits production of glucose by the liver, increases body tissue sensitivity to insulin, and decreases hepatic synthesis of cholesterol
What is metformin (Glucophage)
Recognition, treatment, and prevention of acute complications including hyper/hypoglycemia
What is basic teaching for diabetics
A metabolic disturbance that occurs most often in type 1 diabetics that results from a deficiency of insulin; highly acidic ketone body's are formed, and metabolic acidosis occurs
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
Doesn't cause symptoms until glucose values are significantly elevated; typically to 180-200 mg/dl
Hyperglycemia (high blood sugar)
Can occur in both type 1 & 2 DM but more common in type 2, especially with older adults, and blood glucose levels can range from 600 to 1200 mg/dl.
Cause: physiologic stressors like infection, surgery, MI etc.
Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Syndrome (HHS)
-Oral diabetic agent, a second generation sulfonylurea used in type 2 DM to control blood glucose levels by stimulating beta cells to secrete insulin
-Main side effect is hypoglycemia
-May be used in combination with metformin or insulin to improve glucose control
What is glyburide, glipizide, glimepiride (generic)
Poor circulation, discoloration (redness), numbness/loss of feeling in extremities should be frequently monitored
What is education on prevention of diabetic wounds