Type 1 DM
Lack of insulin produced by beta cells, resulting in a condition.
What is hyperglycemia?
Occurs when 80-90% of cell function is lost in the beta cells.
Severe DKA leads to a type of breathing.
What are kussmaul respirations.
Normal blood glucose
What is 70-100 mg/dl?
2 Factors of Type 2 insulin that can change or be altered to improve the state of insulin resistance.
What is weight loss and exercise.
Hallmark sign of HHS
What is extremely elevated blood glucose levels.
> 600mg/dl
Name the 3 P's that occur as clinical manifestations in patients with diabetes.
What is :
Polyuria=increased urine output
Polydipsia= increased thirst
Polyphagia= increased hunger
When are the most frequent times a patient may experience DKA?
What are stressful situations, illness, and infections.
It's usually how diagnosis is made for Type 1 diabetics.
The nurse should include specific information about administering Insulin. Name 3 aspects.
What is : store at room temp for up to 4 weeks
Rotate sites (at least 1 inch away from previous injection site.)
Do not message site/ pressure may be applied
Techniques for minimizing painful injections.
Most important information to teach to a patient regarding foot care.
What is teach the client to inspect there feet daily.
The key to diabetes management
What is teach patient to control blood glucose levels.
Monitor the following; 3P's, nocturia, recurrent infections, prolonged wound healing, visual changes, fatigue, high A1C > 6.5, FBG > 126, metabolic syndrome
Name 2 Non-pharmacologic treatments for Type 1 DM related to exercise.
What is: 1.Get regular exercise for weight control
2.Avoid exercising in extremes (hot or cold)
3. Time in relation to meals, injections
4. Take glucose levels before exercise to prevent hypoglycemia. Should be greater than 100
Manifestations of DKA result from severe __________ and ___________.
What is dehydration and acidosis.
Hgb A1C goal that demonstrates good glycemic control.
What is 6.5 % or less
Damage to sensory nerve fibers resulting in numbness and pain.
What is peripheral neuropathy
Your patient is experiencing hypotension and tachycardia. Name the most likely cause of this.
What is dehydration.
Name 5 Clinical manifestations of hypoglycemia or a blood glucose less than 50.
What is: Anxious or restless, sweaty, confused, blurrred or double vision, shaky, irritable and hungry, pale moist, cool skin.
Name 4 interventions/treatment for DKA.
What is: 1. Getting labs (metabolic panel)
2. Fluid replacement
3. Ensure K level of 3.3 mEq/L before insulin therapy.
4. Insulin via IV infusion
A fasting glucose level indicating the patient may have diabetes.
What is 126 gm/dL or higher
Priority nursing diagnosis for diabetes mellitus because of poor wound healing.
What is risk for infection.
Since some insulin is present in Type 2 diabetes, _________ are not produced.
What are ketones.
Treatments for Hypoglycemia
What is give 15 g of rapid-acting sugar if alert and
Glucose IV 50 ml of 50% (10 ml over 1 min IVP or 50ml over 5 min) or Glucagon 1 mg SQ, IM, or IV.
Name 3 metabolic problems in DKA.
What is: 1. Hyperosmolarity
2. Metabolic acidosis
3. Extracellular volume depletion
4. Electrolyte imbalances from osmotic diuresis
Name 3 Clinical manifestations of children with Type 1 DM
What is: Increased thirst, hunger, and urination. Fatigue, Blurred vision, irregular heartbeat (electrolyte imbalance) and weight loss.
Name 3 factors needed to be diagnosed with metabolic syndrome.
What is a large waistline, high triglyceride level, low HDLs, HTN, and a high fasting blood sugar.
Name the treatment for HHS.
What is correct fluid, electrolyte imbalances, and lower blood glucose levels with insulin.