Overview & Pathophysiology
Name the three types of diabetes
Type 1, Type 2, Gestational
This medication is first line in the treatment of Type 2 Diabetes
Metformin
Damage to the blood vessels in the eye occur when a patient with diabetes develops [X]
Diabetic Retinopathy
Patients with diabetes should be encouraged to engage in what type of exercise and for how long?
Moderate-intensity exercise for 150 min every week
Final Trivia! A chance to DOUBLE your points.
Choose your wager carefully.
Topic - Continuous Glucose Monitoring
Name two risk factors for developing diabetes
Being overweight; family history; HTN; sedentary lifestyle
What anti-diabetic medication is preferred in pregnant patients?
Insulin
How often should patients with diabetes should be encouraged to examine their feet (i.e. foot self-exam)
Daily
One carb choice contains approximately how many grams of carbohydrates?
15 g
CGM devices such as the Dexcom G6 measure glucose from [X]
[X] = interstitial fluid
As of 2019, an estimated [X] Americans have been diagnosed with diabetes
28M – 29 M (~30 M); ~10% of the U.S. population
Which GLP-1 agonist was recently approved for chronic weight management?
Semaglutide
A patient with diabetes presents to clinic stating loss of sensation in his feet. This complication is known as:
Diabetic Neuropathy
How much weight should a patient with diabetes be encouraged to lose?
7% of starting weight
Describe the difference between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes
Type 1 – genetic disorder where the body cannot make insulin at all
Type 2 – not genetic; body gradually loses the ability to make sufficient insulin
What potentially fatal side-effect should a patient taking glipizide be counseled about?
Hypoglycemia
The ADA and KDIGO both have guidelines for which diabetic complication?
Diabetic Nephropathy
A patient discovers she is hypoglycemic after checking her blood sugar. What should she do?
Consume 15 g of carbohydrates; check BG after 15 minutes
“15-15 Rule”
Diabetes is a disease where [X] cannot secrete insulin at all or in sufficient amounts.
(Your answer should list the type of cell and where it is found – all or nothing)
Pancreatic beta cells
Which class of anti-diabetic medications should be avoided in patients with heart failure? Name a drug in this class.
Thiazolidinediones
Meds - Actos (pioglitazone); Avandia (rosiglitazone)
A patient with diabetes presents to the clinic feeling sluggish, having blurred vision, and complaining of thirst. While interviewing him, you notice his breath smells sweet. A subsequent blood sugar test reveals a reading of 350 mg/dL. These symptoms are indicative of what life-threatening condition of diabetes?
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
The DPP study involved three intervention arms. Describe one of them.
Arm 1 – intensive lifestyle changes (reduce BW by 7%, 150 min of moderate intensity QW)
Arm 2 – standard advice on diet & exercise + metformin 850 mg BID
Arm 3 – standard advice on diet & exercise + placebo pills