Diagnostic Criteria
These are the two key symptoms of MDD.
What is depressed mood and loss of interest in daily activities?
The DSM aids in diagnosis of psychological disorders by describing the symptoms of each disorder, including their frequency, duration, and impact on the patient.
The accuracy of a diagnosis
What is validity?
Name 3 clinician factors for clinical biases.
What are: beliefs, attitudes, professional background, skills, reflexivity, and cognitive biases?
These are 3 ways of defining abnormality
What is 1) deviation from ideal mental health, 2) deviation from social norms, 3) inadequate functioning, 4) statistical infrequency, 5) medical model
These are the 3 key symptoms of schizophrenia.
What are hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized speech?
This describes a major change from DSM I/II to DSM III,IV,5 that improved the reliability of diagnosis.
What is the change from explaining disorders to describing symptoms.
The ability of a diagnosis to predict future behavior patterns of a patient OR the ability of treatment for a disorder to improve symptoms
What is predictive validity?
Name 3 patient factors for clinical biases.
What are reporting bias, somatization, and culturally-influenced symptom expression?
This is the method of the first Rosenhan study.
What is covert participant observation?
This is the frequency and duration of symptoms necessary for a diagnosis of MDD.
What is nearly every day for at least two week?
This is the name of the classification system published by WHO
What is ICD
This statistic is used to measure the reliability of a disorder and ranges from these values.
What is kappa, and it ranges from 0-1.
According to Payne 2012, these are three ways black cultural expression of MDD differ from classic symptoms.
What are: 1) higher somatization, 2) less likely to report feeling depressed, 3) less likely to report feeling suicidal, 4) more likely to express anger/mistrust/hostility, 5) more likely to experience insomnia than hypersomnia, and 6) more likely to experience weight loss than weight gain
This is the sample of the Regier 2013 DSM field trials?
What is 279 clinicians at 11 academic centers in the US and Canada?
These are three other common symptoms of MDD.
What are:
1) changes in sleep
2) changes in weight / appetite
3) excessive guilt or feelings of worthlessness
4) slowing down of thought or movement
5) fatigue or loss of energy
6) inability to concentrate
7) suicidality
What is the removal of homosexuality as a disorder?
This method of estimating reliability tends to produce lower values of kappa.
What is the test-retest method?
These are the results of Payne 2012
What is race of the patient did not directly affect the diagnosis of MDD but clinicians were less likely to diagnose patients who portrayed black culturally expressed symptoms with MDD than those who portrayed classic symptoms.
These are the three major results of the first Rosenham study.
All pseudopatients were admitted to the hospital. 11 out of 12 pseudopatients were diagnosed with schizophrenia and with 1 bipolar disorder. The average length of stay in the hospital was 19 days, with a range of 7-52 days.
This is a change in the criteria for MDD from DSM -IV to DSM 5.
What is removal of the grief exclusion?
This is the version of the DSM used during the Rosenhan study.
What is DSM II
This are the results of the DSM 5 field trials published by Regier.
9 out of 23 disorders had a kappa of less than 0.4
What is Malaysians with Chinese ancestry were less likely to report experience cognitive symptoms of depression than Australians with Western ancestry, but both groups reported nearly equal somatic symptoms. The majority of Malaysians with Chinese ancestry sought help due to a somatic symptom, whereas the majority of Australians with western ancestry first sought help to do a cognitive or emotional symptom.
These are the words Rosenhan's pseudopatients reported hearing.
What are "empty, hollow, and thud".