Elbows
Name 3 clinical signs associated with elbow dysplasia as discussed during lecture.
–Lameness which may remain subtle for long periods of time
–Abnormal gait
–Decrease range in motion
–Muscle atrophy
–Joint capsule thickening
–Limbs rotated inward with elbow outward(Bull legged)
–With rotation, shifts weight to just digits
-PE shows decrease range of motion
What is the number one predisposing factor for ruptured cranial cruciate ligament?
Obesity
What does IVDD stand for?
Intervertebral Disc Disease
Horses need ____ views for long bones, and ____ views for joints.
4, 6
Aside from surgery, what are 2 additional treatment options for elbow dysplasia as discussed in lecture?
-Weight control
-Moderate exercise
-Anti-inflammatory
-Supplements (Omega 3’s, Glucosamine/ Chondroitin)
Given the information below: what is the mAs?
Kvp: 56 Kvp
Milliamperage: 300 mA
Time: 1/60 second
SID: 40 inches
mAs = 5
What breed has the most common predisposition to IVDD? What is the percent of this breed that will have IVDD?
Dachshunds
approx-25%
What is the standard SID for large animals?
26-30 inches
For OFA, what radiograph is required for submission of elbows?
Fully Flexed Medio-lateral elbow
Name and give an example of the 3 types of restraint commonly used on exotics.
Manual-holding animal in lateral with gloved hands
Physical- Placing a snake in acrylic tube
Chemical-using isoflurane to gas down an animal
Spondylosis deformans can be scored. What are the scores and what is the difference between them?
Score:
1-spur on one side of disc
2-spur on both sides of disc
3-spurs on both sides of disc that are fused
Changing SID can be used for large animal radiographs for machines that lack milliamperage. What is the formula to adjust the settings if needed?
old mAs (new SID/old SID)=new mAs
With UAP, if there is a problem with this part of the elbow, at what age can it be diagnosed?
after 20 weeks of age. That is when that bony process is supposed to fuse by.
In regards to a torn CCL, what surgical option is best for large dogs? Small dogs?
Large-TPLO
Small-ECR
There are two types of IVDD. What are they and what is the difference between them?
Hansen Type 1-Acute, Genetically related (chondrodystrophic), Dachshund, Lhasa Apso, Beagle
Hansen Type 2-Gradually progressive, Age related or physically related, German Shepherd, Lab, Doberman
How would you prepare a horse's limb for distal phalanx radiographs?
-Hair brushed or washed to remove dirt, bedding
-Dried
-Shoe removed
-Trim overgrown hoof if necessary
-Sole & clefts picked out & scrubbed clean
-Pack sole w/radiolucent material
What are the 3 potential components that cause elbow dysplasia? No abbreviations
Fragmentation of medial coronoid process (FCP)
Osteochondritis of the medial humeral condyle (OCD)
Un-united Anconeal Process (UAP)
Define what it means if a patient has "Positive Cranial Drawer Movement".
The tibia is thrusting forward and the femur is sliding down the slope of the tibia.
In order to diagnose IVDD via radiograph, what procedure must be done? Give a brief description of the procedure and how it is utilized.
Myelograph-Water soluble contrast material injected in to subarachnoid space (L6-L7). Radiograph taken. Looking for compression on spinal cord.
Using a person as a horse's leg, demonstrate what a DMPLO radiograph would look like. Include receptor placement, machine placement and trajectory of the x-rays.
:)