Symptoms & Syndromes
Infection with this bacterial disease (usually through feces contaminated water/food) can cause watery diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and vomiting.
What is E. Coli?
The study of the cause of a disease.
What is Etiology?
A type of Epidemiology focused on finding the causes of a health-related event and identifying and analyzing interventions for the problem, conducting tests for hypotheses, and generating conclusions.
What is Analytical Epidemiology?
This is the sysematic ongoing collection, analysism and interperetation, and dissemination of health data, and call to action to gain knowledge of the patterns of disease, injury, and other health problems to work toward prevention and control.
What is Surveillance?
The Hypothesis that there is no significant difference between specified populations, any observed difference being due to sampling or experimental error.
What is a Null Hypothesis?
This bacteria is often present in the GI tract of chickens, but inside humans can cause diarrhea, fever, abdominal cramps and vomiting. The cause of this is often eggs, poultry, unpasteurized milk/juice/cheese, or raw cookie dough.
What is Salmonella?
The capacity for an agent to cause disease/reproduce in a host.
What is Pathogenicity?
A study in which the unit of observation is a group, not seperate individua, so the exposure and risk factors are known only at group level.
What is an Ecological Study?
Active search for reports by contacting healthcare providers, laboratories, schools, nursing homes, work places, etc. Advantages: Most accurate info, more representative, better sensitivity. Disadvantages: A lot of cost, Labor intensive, Difficult to sustain Can miss disease cases which do not show up for medical care.
What is Active Surveillance?
This type of error occurs when an investigator rejects a null hypothesis that is actually true in the population (false-positive)
What is a Type I Error?
This is a serious infectious disease caused by a gram positive, rod-shaped bacteria, which occurs naturally in soil, and commonly affects domestic & wild animals. In 2005, there was an infamous instance of politicians being mailed letters with spores from this bacteria inside of it. This can cause nasty dark lesions in skin if touched. (It can also be inhaled)
What is Anthrax?
An incorrect assumption about an individual based on aggregate data for a group.
What is an Ecological Fallacy?
The probability that a subject with a positive test truly has the disease.
What is Positive Predictive Value (PPV)?
Regular reporting of disease data, but there is no active search for cases. Advantages: Low cost, Easy to use, Useful to monitor trends. Disadvantages: Low sensitivity, Data is limited, May not be representative.
What is Passive Surveillence?
Prevention that occurs during the stage that aims to arrest, slow, or reverse the progression of disease. (Ex: Surgery, Chemo, Weight loss)
What is Tertiary Prevention?
This Viral Infection is common to Africa & South America. Caused by Flavivirus and spread by mosquitoes, it causes headache, nause, fever, and vomiting.
What is Yellow Fever?
Four criteria developed in the 19th century designed to assess whether a microorganism causes disease.
What are Koch’s Postulates?
This study design is used to control factors not under direct experimental control, such as by assigning participants to groups based on random criteria.
What is a Randomized Control Trial?
An investigational approach where health department staff, assisted by automated data acquisition and generation of statistical alerts, monitor disease indicators in real- time or near real-time to detect outbreaks of disease earlier than would otherwise be possible with traditional methods. Advantages: Faster detection than other methods leads to more response
This is the father of modern medicine, the first epidemiologist, coined the terms endemic & epidemic.
Who is Hippocrates?
Known for red, pus-filled rashes on the skin, this is a variant of infectious bacteria that has become immune to the antibiotics primarily used to treat it.
What is Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)?
The ability of an intervention to produce the intended resultd under ideal conditions (like in a lab)
What is Efficacy?
This is a retrospective observational study design, which compares people with and without disease to find common exposures. This design aims to determine if an exposure is associated with an outcome.
What is a Case-Control Study?
Monitoring of rate of occurrence of specific diseases and conditions through a voluntary network of doctors, laboratories and public health departments with a view to assess the stability or change in health levels of a population. It also describes the study of disease rates in a specific cohort such as a geographic area or subgroup to estimate trends in a larger population
What is Sentinel Surveillance?
This includes Social & Economic Factors, Health Behavior, Physical Environmen, Clinical care, and Genes/Biology.
What are the Health Determinants?