Carbohydrates
This monosaccharide is the primary fuel used by all cells.
What is glucose?
What molecules are the building blocks of proteins?
What are amino acids?
What is a lipoprotein?
What is a lipid coated with protein that transports fats in the blood?
What is the end product of anaerobic glycolysis?
What is 2 lactate?
Where does beta oxidation occur?
What is in the mitochondria?
Carbohydrates should make up approximately this percentage of total daily caloric intake.
What is 45-65%?
Fats should make up approximately this percentage of total daily caloric intake.
What is 20-35%
Name the four classes of lipoproteins from largest to smallest.
What are chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, HDL?
What is the cytosol?
What are the direct products of 3 cycles of beta oxidation?
What is 3 NADH, 3 FADH, 3 Acetyl-CoA, 1 Acyl-CoA?
Distinguish between mono-, di-, and polysaccharides based on their structure and give one example of each.
What are 1 sugar (glucose), 2 sugars (sucrose), and 3+ sugars (starch/fiber/glycogen)?
What distinguishes saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fats structurally?
What are no double bonds, one double bond, and two or more double bonds?
Which lipoprotein transports dietary triglycerides from the intestine to peripheral tissues and the liver?
What are chylomicrons?
Name one energy-producing process that occurs in the mitochondria.
What is the Krebs cycle or Electron Transport Chain?
Which nutrients can produce ATP only through aerobic metabolism, and why?
What are fats, because they require oxygen for oxidation?
This type of carbohydrate is not digested for energy but helps regulate digestion and cholesterol levels.
What is fiber?
What is the difference between complete and incomplete proteins?
What is containing all 9 essential amino acids vs missing one or more?
Why is LDL considered “bad” cholesterol?
What is it contributes to plaque formation in arteries?
Compare ATP “produced” vs ATP “yield” during glucose metabolism.
What is total ATP made vs net ATP after costs?
How many cycles of beta oxidation can a triglyceride containing 3 fatty acid chains of 12, 14, and 16 carbons?
What is 18 cycles?
Compare and contrast soluble and insoluble fiber, and give an example of each.
What is soluble fiber that forms a gel and lowers cholesterol vs insoluble fiber that aides with waste passage?
What is the difference between fats and oils?
What is fats are solid at room temperature, while oils are liquid.
Explain why HDL is considered "good" cholesterol.
What is HDL removes cholesterol from tissues and blood and returns it to the liver?
How much ATP is produced from 2 molecules of glycogen undergoing FULL aerobic metabolism?
What is 66 ATP?
Compare glycolysis and beta oxidation in terms of what exercise intensity they support.
What is glycolysis supports high intensity exercise, while beta oxidation supports low-moderate intensity exercise?