cardiac causes
the heart beats in an abnormal or irregular rhythm
arrythmias
it is inflammation of the membranes that surround the lungs and line the chest cavity
pleuritis
caused by going up high e.g. up a mountain
high altitude
A CT angiograph would show presence of an embolus
pulmonary embolism
a term used to describe a range of conditions associated with sudden, reduced blood flow to the heart.
acute coronary syndrome
hallmark feature = a change in voice due to the swollen vocal cords
laryngitis
presentation = heart burn, chest pain, nausea and dysphagia
GORD
an umbrella term used for a large group of diseases that cause scarring (fibrosis) of the lungs
interstitial lung disease
is a serious condition in which a tear occurs in the inner layer of the body's main artery (aorta)
what is an aortic dissection
cxr result - lobar infiltrate, cavitation, interstitial infiltrates
pneumonia
most commonly affects young to middle aged women and is usually based on a clinical diagnosis
anxiety and panic attacks
a biopsy would be a gold standard investigation
pulmonary tumour
relieved by short acting nitrate-PRN
stable angina
caused by bacteria called Clostridium tetani.
tetanus
initially may only cause dyspnoea at night
obesity
reversibility would be shown after using a bronchodilator in either FVC or FEV1 result of both
asthma
key s&s = dyspnoea with activity or when lying down. Fatigue and weakness. Swelling in the legs, ankles and feet. Rapid or irregular heartbeat.
heart failure
history = symptoms of localised infection, non-specific symptoms include fever or shivering, dizziness, nausea and vomiting, muscle pain, feeling confused or disoriented
sepsis
FBC would show low haemoglobin
anaemia
spirometry would show decreased forced expiratory volume in the first second of expiration (FEV1), decreased FEV1/forced vital capacity (FVC) ratio
COPD