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100

What is the digestive system made of? 

oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, cecum, & rectum ="GI Tract"/"Alimentary Canal". Other accessories are teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

100

What prevents food from entering the trachea?

The Epiglottis.

100

What does HCL do in the stomach

HCl makes gastric juice very acidic. The acid denatures proteins to facilitate digestion. Acidity also converts pepsinogen into pepsin

100

How does the Gallbladder play in this?

-acid chyme also mixes w/ bile; produced in liver, stored in gallbladder, released through common bile duct

contains bile salts/bile acids: amphipathic, emulsifies lipids, alkaline, also helps neutralize acid chyme, pH of liquified food at duodenum: 7-8

100

What are the functions of the large intestine?


main function: recover water from undigested food

removal of water from undigested food produces feces; some electrolytes and Vitamins B, and K absorbed

200

What is the function of the digestive system?

metabolize/digest biomolecules in food into smaller, absorbable substances.

200


Peristalsis of esophagus pushes food into stomach.*muscle makes wave-like contractions. gastroesophageal sphincter: constricts, prevents acid reflux

200

HCL in Stomach P.2

every 20s, stomach contracts (auto) and mixes food w/ gastric juice. acid chyme is produced (fluid partially digested food). lining of mucous prevents ulcers. also mucous in constantly reformed

200

How do bile Salts work?

separates individual lipid molecules and breaks up fat globules, thus emulsifying lipids and increasing solubility – this increases access for lipases to break down lipids

200

What does the colon gut flora hold and produces

houses over 700 spp of bacteria, along w/ some archaea, protozoa, and fungi. Over 100 trillion microbes, almost 0.5 lb. Metabolizes undigested polysacchs.(ex. cellulose) into fatty acids

also produces Vit. K and biotin (a Vit. B)

produces flatus as byproduct; mainly CO2, N2, O2, etc ;-hydrogen sulfide, etc produces odor

300

What are the step of precessing the food we eat?

Ingestion: internalization of food. Digestion: mechanical and chemical breakdown of biomolecules. Absorption: uptake of breakdown products into blood. Elimination: removal of undigested material. Burping / Farting: self entertainment, male bonding

300

DIAGRAM OF THE STOMACH!!!!


300

Stomach/Peptic Ulcer: how to treat/handle it

inhibit HCl production(ex. Prilosec, Nexium); reduce HCl production (ex. Zantac, Pepcid); neutralize HCl (ex. antacids); provide extra protective layer (ex. Pepto-Bismol). *avoid small substances like caffeine, alcohol and NSAIDs

300

LOOK AT BIOMOLECULE BREAKDOWN REVIEW IN YOUR PRINTED NOTES

400

More About the Oral Cavity

food mixes w/ saliva. saliva contains mucin, antibiotics, amylase and is produced at 1L/day. mastication (chewing): for mechanical digestion, mixes food w/ saliva, and increases surface area of food

400

what does the stomach do, how much does it hold, and what it produces?

performs chemical digestion (mainly proteins) but very little absorption

elastic: holds ~2L of food/liquid

produces gastric juice: acidic: pH 1-3, contains pepsin (a protease = enzymes that break down proteins)

400

Acid chyme is slowly released where


acid chyme is slowly released into the duodenum: controlled by the pyloric sphincter

400

Absorption at Villi (jejunum, ileum)

what are the large folds and finger-like projections


inner surface area increased by foldings and projections

large folds are plicae circulares; microscopic finger-like projections are villi

500

More About oral Cavity P.2

-tongue manipulates food into bolus (small, swallowable portion

–allows food to be swallowed w/out damaging trachea)

500

GASTRIC PITS AND GASTRIC GLAND DIAGRAM!!!!! *I THINK THIS IS THE TUMMY


500

How does the pancreas play in this


-acid chyme mixes w/ pancreatic juice, produced by pancreas, and released through the pancreatic duct

contains: bicarb (acts as a buffer), amylase, lipases, nucleases, proteases; trypsin (example protease): made as trypsinogen (zymogen), converted to active form by enteropeptidase in duodenum

500

What does the Villus do?


breakdown products of biomolecule digestion (ex. amino acids, fatty acids, monosaccharides, etc) are absorbed through the villi and into associated blood capillaries