Proteins
The amino acids have 4 parts what are they?
- Amino group
- R group
- Carboxyl group
- Central C
What do enzymes do in chemical reactions?
The enzyme's active site fits with a substrate and ether binds or breaks the substrate into a product
What is a Chemical reaction?
Involve changes in chemical bonds
What form of digestion does the mouth use?
Mechanical
Why is the salivary glands so important at the start of digestion?
The glands release the first enzymes amylase. Also produces mucus for the esophagus.
What are the 2 types of peptides? Also how many amino acids are contained in each?
- Dipeptide, has 2 amino acids with a peptide bond.
- Polypeptide, has 100-1000 amino acids
Enzymes are __________ that increase rate of reaction with?
Biological Catalysts. Also lower the activation energy.
There are 2 types of amylase in digestion, what are they and what is the substrate & product?
Salivary and pancreatic amylase. Both substrates is amylose and product is maltose.
The esophagus is lined with what? Also connects what 2 organs?
- Mucus, so the food travels down with ease
- connects the mouth to the stomach
The pharynx is a passage for what?
Air and food fom the mouth travel through to the esophagus
Dehydration synthesis vs. Hydrolysis
- Dehydration synthesis is the grouping of a amino acid to another's carboxyl group.
- Hydrolysis is when water splits the peptide bond between the 2 former amino acids
What variables effect the enzymes productivity?
Enzyme/Substrate Concentration
pH
Temperature
Inhibitors
What is pepsin, trypsin, and lipase?
Pepsin and trypsin are enzymes that breaks protein too polypeptides. Lipase breaks lipids into fatty acids.
The stomach uses which digestion and how to break the food?
The stomach uses mechanical to churn the food and acid. Also chemical by using pepsin and acid to break the food into chyme.
The pancreas releases what enzyme?
It releases amylase, trypsin, and lipase enzymes.
What are the 4 steps to protein structure? Also a brief description of each.
Primary - chain and order of amino acids
Secondary - folding for alpha helices and Beta-sheets
Tertiary - folds around itself due to R-groups
Quaternary - some proteins have polypeptide chains that fold for a protein. 2 or more polypeptides fold.
What is the Lock & Key?
The enzymes substrate fits perfectly into its corresponding enzyme active site.
What are the 3 major enzymes in the small intestine?
- Lactase - break lactose
- Maltase - break maltose
- Sucrase - break sucrose
All of them have the product glucose.
What does the liver do?
The liver produces bile that is then sent to the gallbladder. Also absorbed nutrients is sent there before the body.
The gallbladder releases bile, what is bile?
A fluid that breaks down fats into fatty acids.
Are proteins involved with energy?
Proteins dont contain energy, they
speeding up reactions, cell communication, fighting infection, and transport materials.
How are the enzymes named?
The beginning of the name is from the substrate and the end is usually ase.
Endergonic vs. Exergonic
Ender - energy is absorbed
Exer - Energy is released
What is the 2 main functions of the intestines?
The small contains enzymes and conditions to break food and neutralize the stomach acid. Both intestines absorb the nutrients and water.
The major purpose of the small organs is to release enzymes. True/False
True