Ductal & Glandular Precision
These two ducts merge to form the common hepatic duct.
What are the right and left hepatic ducts?
These stomach cells are responsible for secreting hydrochloric acid (HCl) and intrinsic factor.
What are parietal cells?
This specific process occurs when the pyloric sphincter closes, causing stomach contents to flow backward for further mixing.
What is retropulsion?
Salivary amylase becomes inactivated in the stomach due to this specific environmental factor.
What is the low (acidic) pH?
While the jejunum is the primary site for most absorption, the ileum is specifically responsible for absorbing these two remaining substances.
What are Vitamin B12 and bile salts?
This salivary gland, located inferior to the oral cavity and medial to the mandible, is the primary producer of saliva, contributing 60–70% of total output.
What is the submandibular gland?
Chief cells in the stomach secrete this inactive proenzyme, which must be converted to its active form to digest proteins.
What is pepsinogen?
This type of small intestine motility involves a "backward-and-forward" motion to mix chyme with secretions and move it against the brush border.
What is segmentation (or pendular movement)?
Pancreatic lipase functions with these tiny transport "carriers" to digest each triglyceride into a monoglyceride and two free fatty acids.
What are micelles?
These structural "speed bumps" are internal folds of the mucosal and submucosal tunics that slow the movement of chyme.
What are circular folds (or plicae circulares)?
The common bile duct is formed by the union of these two specific structures.
What are the cystic duct and the common hepatic duct?
This substance, released by parietal cells, is the specific catalyst required to activate pepsinogen into pepsin.
What is hydrochloric acid (HCl)?
These receptors in the rectal wall detect distension and trigger the urge to defecate.
These are the two specific components of bile (produced by the liver) that facilitate the emulsification of fats.
What are lecithin and bile salts?
Unlike the small intestine, the large intestine is notable for lacking this microscopic structural projection.
What are villi?
While the parotid gland is the largest, it only produces this percentage of the body's total daily saliva.
What is 25–30%?
This vitamin's absorption is dependent on the intrinsic factor secreted by the parietal cells of the gastric glands.
What is Vitamin B12?
This movement facilitates the opening of the pyloric sphincter by increasing the pressure gradient toward the pylorus.
What are peristaltic waves (or gastric peristalsis)?
This is the chemical process of breaking down carbohydrates by reacting with water.
What is hydrolysis?
In the large intestine, this percentage of the water that enters daily is typically reabsorbed back into the body.
What is 90% (leaving only ~100ml in feces)?
This is the specific name of the duct that carries pancreatic juices into the duodenum
What is the pancreatic duct (or duct of Wirsung)?
These three inactive proteases are synthesized by the pancreas and only become active once they reach the small intestine.
What are trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, and procarboxypeptidase?
This describes the rhythmic, wave-like contractions of smooth muscle that propel a bolus through the esophagus.
What is peristalsis?
After initial digestion by pancreatic enzymes, these final enzymes located on microvilli break peptide chains into individual amino acids.
What are peptidases (brush border enzymes)?
This is the specific structural component of a villus that allows for the immediate entry of absorbed nutrients into the circulatory system.
What is the rich capillary network?