chemical digestion/ accessory organs
what is the primary form of waste for mammals?
urea
the portion of the large intestine that travels superiorly as it extends from the entry of the small intestine to the transverse colon
ascending colon
what is a cuspid?
a canine tooth
what vitamins is said to help your vision?
Vitamin A, retinol
what makes energy in the body?
ATP
what is the difference between a bolus and chyme?
bolus: A soft mass of chewed food
chyme: Semifluid food mass leaving the stomach
what is the cecum?
Blind pouch, such as the one below where the small intestine enters the large intestine
what is the duodenum?
First portion of the small intestine into which ducts from the gallbladder and pancreas enter
what vitamin when concentration of the body is low can have reproductive failure?
Vitamin B5 pantothenic acid
insulin is secreted by what type of cells
beta cells of pancreas
what is the difference between bile and gastric juice?
bile: Secretion of the liver that is temporarily stored in the gallbladder before being released into the small intestine, where it emulsifies fat
gastric juice: Thin, watery digestive fluid secreted by the gastric glands in the stomach and containing hydrochloric acid and enzymes, such as pepsin
what is the descending colon?
That portion of the large intestine that travels inferiorly as it extends from the transverse colon to the sigmoid colon
what is the haustra?
One of the pouches or small sacs into which the large intestine is divided
what are the fat soluble vitamins?
vitamins A, D, E, and K
glucagon is secreted by what type of cells
alpha cells of pancreas
what is ghrelin vs leptin?
ghrelin: hunger hormone
leptin: fullness hormone
how do the small intestines and large intestines differ?
small intestines completely digest food and absorbs nutrients
large intestines absorbs water, storage of indigestible remains, and elimination of fecal matter
what is peristalisis?
Rhythmical contraction that moves the contents along in tubular organs, such as the digestive tract
what are the water soluble vitamins?
Vitamins B and C
energy molecule conversion is regulated by what 2 hormones
insulin, glucagon
what is the difference between Cholecystokinin (CCK) and pepsin?
CCK: Hormone secreted by the small intestine that stimulates the release of pancreatic juice from the pancreas and bile from the gallbladder
Pepsin: Protein-digesting enzyme produced by the stomach
what is the of the regions in the small intestines?
duodenum, jejunum, then ileum
draw portions of colon
ascending is on the persons left side, transverse is on top and horizontal, descending colon goes down on right side, followed by the sigmoid colon going halfway to left side
what vitamin when in low amounts in the body can cause scurvy and failure of wounds to heal?
Vitamin C, Ascorbic Acid
How is ATP made?
the breakdown of carbohydrates (glucose) and production of NADH and FADH2