The Tube
Muscular tube connecting the pharynx to the stomach
Esophagus
Accessory organ that plays a role in masticating food
Teeth
Enzyme present in the saliva that begins the breakdown of carbohydrates
Amylase
Process by which food moves down the alimentary canal
Peristalsis
The process of breaking down food into nutrients
Digestion
Folds in the stomach that allow it to stretch/increase surface area
Rugae
Enzymes released from this organ enter the duodenum and break down food into nutrients.
Pancreas
Enzymes and bile are carried by the pancreatic duct and bile duct into this
Duodenum
Two organs that utilize mechanical digestion
Mouth (oral cavity)
Stomach
Sum of all the reactions in the body
Metabolism
This "muscular valve" connects the stomach to the duodenum preventing chyme from entering the duodenum
Pyloric Sphincter
Bile is formed here
Liver
Three major biomolecules and two examples of each
Carbohydrates - any plant food
Protein - meat, dairy, nuts, seeds
Lipids (fats) - Butter, oils, contained in dairy/meat/nuts, avocado, coconut
Two ways the small intestine increases surface area for absorption
Villi
Microvilli
Metabolic rate
The middle segment of the small intestine where the majority of absorption occurs
Jejunum
Bile is concentrated and released from here
Gallbladder
Two ways the liver increases glucose in the body
Converts glucose from glycogen
Synthesizes glucose from fats/proteins
This nerve controls digestive processes
The vagus nerve
Reactions in the body that break down
Two functions of the large intestine
Absorbs water and electrolytes; Produces vitamin K and some B vitamins; Maintains microbiome for the gut (bacteria)
Four functions of the liver/hepatocytes
Produces bile and cholesterol
Processes nutrients
Stores fat-soluble vitamins
Detoxifies
Degrades Hormones
List 3 enzymes and type of food they break down
Proteases - proteins
Lipases - lipids (fats)
Amylase - carbohydrates
Nucleases - nucleic acids
Passageway for both food/fluid and air that is involved in deglutition
Pharynx
Two ways the body increases heat
Shivering
Increasing metabolic rate
Constricting peripheral blood vessels
Releasing thyroxine
Protects the stomach from the high acid it produces
Bicarbonate-rich mucus
The liver uses these two processes to break down fats and synthesize new triglycerides from glycerol and fatty acids
Lipogenesis and lipolysis
Proteins are broken down into these essential/non-essential components all of which must be present for a protein to be made
Amino Acids
The difference between the basal metabolic rate and the total metabolic rate
BMR - amount of energy needed for body to perform only essential activities
TMR - Rate of kilocaloric consumption needed for all body activities (voluntary and involuntary)
Group of catabolic reactions the body uses to create ATP from glucose
Cellular Respiration
Double-layered peritoneum infused with blood vessels and nerves extending from digestive organs
Mesentery
The liver produces this component of steroids, vitamin D that also functions to provide rigidity to cell membranes
Cholesterol
These are the 7 key minerals in necessary for body functions
Magnesium
Calcium
Potassium
Sodium
Sulfur
Chlorine
Phosphorus
Describe 4 functions of the digestive system
Ingestion - taking food into mouth
Propulsion - movement of food through alimentary canal
Mechanical Digestion - physical process of breaking down food
Chemical Digestion - Process of breaking food into smaller building blocks
Absorption - movement of nutrients into blood
Defecation - elimination of solid waste
This series of 4 transmembrane proteins uses the proton gradient created from the transfer of electrons from NADH and FADH2 to produce 28 ATP per glucose molecule
Electron Transport Chain