Monomers and Macromolecules
The monomer that results from the digestion of complex carbohydrates like starch.
simple sugars
This enzyme, found in saliva, begins the process of breaking down starches into simpler sugars.
Amylase
What is the movement or contraction of the muscles around the esophagus to allow food to pass through?
Peristalsis
This system is used by glucose and amino acids to enter the bloodstream directly from the villi.
The cardiovascular system
Produces saliva
salivary glands
This macromolecule's primary role is building tissue and structural support.
protein
This enzyme, produced in the stomach, is responsible for breaking down proteins into smaller peptides/amino acids.
Pepsin
When food is chewed up in the mouth it becomes this.
Bolus
This accessory organ must release bile into the small intestine to emulsify fats.
the gallbladder
Performs both mechanical and chemical digestion
stomach
Name the 4 basic steps of digestion in order.
Ingestion → Mechanical and Chemical Digestion → Absorption → Elimination
This enzyme is responsible for breaking down fats into fatty acids and glycerol.
Lipase
Food mixed with the highly acidic gastric juices is called ___________.
Chyme
What happens to excess water-soluble vitamins?
They are excreted through the urine.
Where most absorption occurs. Lined with villi.
small intestine
What fluid is made and released by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It helps with digestion and breaks down fats into fatty acids, which can be taken into the body by the digestive tract.
Bile
These microscopic, specialized ducts within the small intestine villi pick up packaged fatty acids and deliver them to the lymphatic system.
lacteals
Produces bile
liver
The 2 monomers of a lipid (fat).
glycerol and fatty acids
The name of the part of an enzyme where the substrate binds is called
The active site
Our bodies use WATER to help BREAK DOWN large molecules (polymers) into smaller building blocks (monomers). What is this process called?
Hydrolysis
Why can consuming excess fat-soluble vitamins cause toxicity?
Because the body stores excess fat-soluble vitamins in the liver and fat (adipose) tissue. They cannot be excreted through urine or feces. High levels can interfere with homeostasis.
Controls the movement of chyme from the stomach into the small intestine
pyloric sphincter