Phases of Direct Instruction
The second phase of direct instruction
Clarify goals and establish set
Name the 3 foundations of DI
Behavioralism, Social Cognitive Theory, Teacher Effectiveness Research
When giving negative feedback, what is it important for the teacher to do?
Demonstrate correct performance.
First step of Task analysis
Find out what a knowledgeable person does when the skill is performed.
What is the desk set-up most associated with DI?
Row-and-column arrangement.
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5th phase of Direct Instruction
Provide extended practice and transfer
Describe Behavioralism
Behaviors are encouraged or discouraged through reinforcement.
What is the purpose of 'call and response' or recitation from a teacher to a student?
Demonstration of knowledge. "Without knowledge of results, practice is of little value to students".
Third step of Task Analysis
Put sub-skills in some logical order, showing those that might be prerequisites to others.
It is during the initial stage of practice students can learn incorrect techniques that eventually need to be unlearned.
3rd phase of Direct Instruction
Provide guided practice
Describe Social Cognitive Theory
Learning comes from observing others.
Should a teacher emphasize process or outcomes?
Process.
i.e.
"A student may type thirty-five words per minute using only two fingers but will probably never reach one hundred words per minute using this technique"
Second step of Task Analysis.
Divide the overall skill into sub-skills
What is 'Overlearning'?
Continued practice of a skill after mastery, in order for that skill to become 'automatic'.
4th phase of Direct Instruction
Check for understanding and provide feedback.
Describe Teacher Effectiveness Research
Teacher directed instruction is more effective in creating student engagement and achievement than informal or student-centered instruction.
What does a teacher need before conducting a demonstration?
Mastery, or a thorough understanding of the content.
Fourth Step of Task Analysis
Design strategies to teach each of the sub-skills and how they are combined.
What is the benefit of the row-and-column seating arrangement?
It allows attention to be focused at the teacher and any information/demonstrations that are being displayed.
1st phase of Direct Instruction
Clarify goals and establish set.
Describe the disagreement between behavioralists and Social Cognitive Theorists?
"Social cognitive theorists believe that something is learned when an observer consciously attends to some behavior, and then places that observation into long-term memory. The observer hasn’t yet performed the observed behavior, so there have been no behavioral consequences (reinforcements), which behaviorists maintain are necessary for learning to occur."
What type/how much homework should be given in high school.
Meaningful, time sensitive, and with a high completion rate. 7-12 hrs per week is the most effective.
What is the goal of using Task Analysis?
Complex skills and understandings must first be divided into significant component parts in order to achieve mastery.
What is 'Massed' and 'Distributive' practice?
Massed practice is continued practice for learning a new skill. Caution- Long periods of practice can lead to boredom.
Distributive practice is segmented practice for refining already possessed skills. Caution- Time between practice should be short enough so the student doesn't regress.