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PET :p
MRI >v<
fMRI :s
evaluate...
100
What does PET stands for?
positron emission tomography~
100
MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) provides what structure of the brain?
3D picture of brain structure
100
How do we measure fMRI?
blood flowwwwwwww when an area is more active, it uses more oxygen.
100
Is fMRI and PET ecologically valid?
HARDLY ecologically valid
200
What and how does PET scan works?
It examines brain function, mapping actual activity in the brain over time. The test is done by injecting a small amount of a radioactive material into one of your veins. The substance travels through the bloodstream and collects in organs and tissues and after a waiting period, which allows the substance to collect in the tissues of interest, the subject is placed on the imaging scanner. They serve as markers of blood flow or metabolic activity in the brain, which can provide a colour-coded map indicating which areas of the brain become active when participants do a number of activities.
200
What is MRI scan use for?
It is especially useful for detecting small anatomical changes as a result of disease processes or trauma in the brain. It has great research value for correlating structural changes/differences in the brain (biological factors) with changes in behaviour.
200
What is the major difference between MRI and fMRI?
MRI images brain structures and fMRI images brain function.
200
Is is possible for the participants to respond to demand characteristic (fMRI)?
NO...
300
What is the researcher’s name for PET scan?
Masconi 2005
300
What were Maquire et al’s aim?
Maguire et al. set out to discover whether morphological (changes in form and shape) changes could be detected in the healthy human brain associated with extensive experience of spatial navigation. Their prediction was that the hippocampus would be the most likely brain region to show changes.
300
What did maquire et al obtain by using fMRI?
"Minute by minute" brain images from 20 taxi drivers as they delivered customers to destinations .
300
Can these kinds of research establish a cause-effect relationship? why?
No... -Researchers still usually have to make inferences from any scans obtained. -Brain areas activate for different reasons...
400
What did they do...? :x???
They followed a sample of 53 normal and health participants for between 9 and 24 years. They found that individuals that who showed early signs of reduced metabolism in the hippocampus were associated with later development of Alzheimer’s disease.
400
What were their methods and results?
The participants for this study were 16 healthy, right-handed male licensed London taxi drivers. The taxi drivers were compared with the structural MRI scans of 50 healthy right-handed males who did not drive taxis. The scans of the 50 control participants were selected from the structural MRI scan database at the same unit where the taxi drivers were scanned. The data were collected using structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) which collected data about the structure or anatomy of the brain. The MRI scanner worked by exposing a participant’s brain to a strong magnetic field and radio waves to produce detailed pictures of the brain. Computer software then converted the information into a 3D image of the brain and in this study the analysis calculated the amount of grey matter in the hippocampus. The first main findings of the research were that the posterior hippocampi of taxi drivers were significantly larger relative to those of control subjects.
400
What did the researchers did after the scan?
Without prior warning, the drivers watched a replay of their performance and reported what they had been thinking at each stage.
400
Which scan requires a small amount of radiation?
PET scan....
500
What did they concluded?
They believed that through a PET scan of hippocampus that it will be possible to see the first signs of Alzheimer's disease long before it has spread to the cerebral cortex,
500
What did this research highlights about biological factors?
(i.e changes in the physical structure of the brain) and behavioural factors (i.e, learning and navigating your way around the streets of London).
500
What was the result?
The hippocampus was only active when the taxi drivers initially planned their route, or if they had to completely change their destination during the course of the journey. The scientists saw activity in a different brain region when the drivers came across an unexpected situation - for example, a blocked-off junction.
500
PET scans are useful in what disease..?
Alzheimer Disease