Chapter 14
Define pathology
The scientific study of disease
Define pathology & virulence
pathology-ability to cause disease
virulence-extent of pathogenicity
Innate immunity -body defenses against any pathogen
Adaptive immunity - body defenses against specific pathogens
Give the 4 types of adaptive immunity:
Naturally acquired active immunity
Naturally acquired passive immunity
Artificially acquired active immunity
Artificially acquired passive immunity
What cell gives humoral immunity?
B cells
Explain what the normal microbiota are and how they protect the body
Microorganisms that are permanently present on the body without causing disease. They protect by microbial antagonism.
What are the 3 portals of entry?
Skin, Mucous Membranes, & Parenteral
1st - keep pathogens on the outside of the body and/or neutralize them before infection
2nd - Slow or contain infections when 1st line fails.
What the 5 classes of antibodies?
What is the "size"/composition of each?
IgG-monomer
IgM - pentamer
IgA - dimer
IgD & IgE - monomers
Which protein(s) in the complement system cause activation of Mast cells?
What does the Mast cell produce from this activation?
C3A & C5A
Histamine
What are the three catagories of disease transmission?
Contact, Vehicle & Vector
What are the stages of pathogenicity?
1-Gain access to host
2-Adhere to host tissues
3-Evade host defenses
4-Damage host tissues
What is the purpose of the chemical factors of the 1st line of defense?
Give one example of a chemical factor of skin & mucous membranes:
Chemical factors inhibit growth and destroy microbes.
Explain what the primary response is to antigen exposure.
What is produced first and second?
Primary response is the first exposure and programming of lymphocytes.
1st - IgM
2nd - IgG
During the secondary response of antigen exposure, Is there a time lag? why?
Memory cells do not need programming.
Koch's Postulates are used to prove that a specific pathogen causes a specific disease.
Disease is documented in diseased host.
Grown in pure culture & ID
Inoculated in healthy lab animal and disease is replicated. Grown in pure culture and ID to be same.
Pathogens exit in secretions, excretions & tissue that has been shed. Define secretions & excretions:
secretions-process which substances are produced in body and discharged from
excretions-process of elimination from body
List and explain the mechanisms/steps of phagocytosis:
Chemotaxis - chemical attraction of phagocyte to pathogen.
Adherence - attachment of phagocyte's membrane to surface of pathogen.
Ingestion - pseudopods wrap around, engulf & create phagosome
Digestion - fusion of phagosome & lysosome creating phagolysosome. Digestion of pathogen, waste is residual body.
Waste removal - exocytosis of residual body
List & explain the 5 outcomes of Antigen-Antibody binding:
Agglutination - reduces #
Opsonization - enhances phagocytosis
Neutralization - Blocks attachment
Activation of Complement - Activates C3
Antibody-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity - causes destruction of parasite by macrophages & eosinophiles
Explain the serum proteins involved in producing the MAC of the complement system. What does the MAC cause?
C5b, C6, C7, C8 & C9 create the membrane attack complex.
They attach to the surface of the pathogen in a ring, causing a hole and cell contents to leak out, causing cytolysis.
What are the periods of disease in order and explain each.
Incubation-time between initial infection & 1st s/s.
Prodromal-appearance of mild s/s
Period of disease-all s/s, disease most acute
Period of decline-decrease in s/s, patient vulnerable
Period of Convalescence-return to pre-disease state
Regarding exotoxins:
What is the bacterial source, type of molecule, relationship to microorganism (production) & fever producing?
Bacterial source- Gram + bacteria
type of molecule- protein
production - metabolic product of growing cell
fever producing - no
Explain the process of inflammation:
Vasodialation - blood vessels increase in size & carry more blood (red & heat). Increased permeability - plasma leaves vessel causing edema & pain.
Phagocytes migrate to area (chemotaxis), marginate (attach to endothelium) & emigrate (leave vessel to tissues)
Tissue Repair - mitosis and phagocytosis return area to normal
What are the 2 types of T cells?
After activation what is produced?
Helper T cell & Cytotoxic T cell
Activation of each causes Effector cells for fighting pathogen & Memory cells for the future.
Give the 3 components of the 1st line of defense:
Give 4 components of the 2nd line of defense:
Give 2 components of the 3rd line of defense:
1st: skin, mucous membranes, microbiota
2nd: phagocytosis, inflammation, complement system, & fever
3rd: Humoral immunity - B cells
Cell mediated immunity - T cells