The Shield
What part of the body acts as a physical barrier and first line of defense?
What is the skin?
A small circular piece of DNA molecule found in bacteria.
What is a plasmid?
Bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites are infectious agents called___________?
What are pathogens?
What are antibiotics designed to fight?
Bacterial infections
Uncontrolled cell growth
What is cancer?
These structures trap pathogens in the respiratory and digestive tracts.
What are mucous membranes?
The act of modifying a strand of DNA.
What is gene editing?
What is the body's physical and chemical barriers such as the skin, mucous membranes, tears, and stomach acid?
What is the primary immune response (first line-of-defense)?
What are vaccines are designed to fight?
Generally viruses, and in some cases bacteria?
What are some causes of cancer?
Radiation (e.g. UV, X-ray), carcinogens like alcohol, smoking, and drugs; as well as certain genetic factors?
Is the body's first line of defense specific or non-specific in nature?
Non-specific
It is the reason bacteria (and other organisms) are able to recognize a human DNA gene and produce human proteins.
Why is DNA called the Universal Code?
A generalized response that includes inflammation, and macrophage and neutrophil cells.
What is the secondary immune response (second line-of-defense)?
Do antibiotics prevent or treat infections?
Treat infections after they have been established.
When a cell has too many errors in the DNA and goes through a self-destruction process of rupture that results in cell death.
What is apoptosis?
Name two secretions involved in the first line of defense.
What are saliva, tears, mucous, and snot?
A molecule of DNA that has been artificially modified to include the DNA of another organism.
What is Recombinant DNA?
The body's third line-of-defense includes adaptive immune cells tailored to recognize a particular antigen, allowing precise targeting of pathogens. This is known as a ________ immune response.
What is a specific?
Do vaccines prevent or treat infections?
They are given to healthy individuals to prevent infections.
This stage of cancer is the most advanced, where the cancer is spreading throughout the body via the bloodstream?
What is Stage 4?
This organ produces acid that kills many swallowed pathogens.
What is the stomach?
The gene editing tool discovered recently that uses the bacterial immune system to cut and paste genes into human DNA.
What is CRISPR?
The process where a body cell engulfs another cell to digest it, such as a white blood cell engulfing a parasite?
What is phagocytosis?
What is it important to do when given an antibiotic perscription?
Take the full course of the medication even if symptoms cease.
The cell cycle is often shown as a circle with various stages including Gap1, Synthesis, Gap2, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, and Cytokinesis. To prevent cancer, the cell has a checkpoint after which phase?
What is Gap1, Gap2, and Metaphase?