Pesticides
Copper, sulfur, carbonate, and phosphate or phosphonate compounds are
Inorganic pesticides
Quarantines and inspections for disease free plant materials including seeds and plants are ? control measures designed to exclude a pathogen from a host.
Regulatory
Most chemicals display ? action and are effective only on the plant area to which they are applied.
Local action
What type of pesticide is absorbed in one part of the plant and transported to from the roots to the shoots or shoots to the roots..
Systemics
Prohibits passage of plants, soil & materials from foreign countries into the US.
Plant Quarantine Act of 1912
Dithiocarbamates, Heterocyclic Compounds, and Benzimidazoles
Organic pesticides
Host eradication, crop rotation, sanitation and creating an unfavorable environment for the pathogen by altering plant spacing, fertilizer application and changing the soil pH are all methods of ? control
Cultural
(Foliar, soil, seed) sprays are the majority of chemical control methods.
Foliar
Most chemical pesticides are applied as ? to ? lb formulated compound in 100 gal of water.
0.5 to 2 lb;
Seed and vegetative material can carry virus, mycoplasma, protozoa, and fungi or bacterium and nematodes
True
The Mechanisms of Action or MOA is the method by which pesticides control plant disease and is often unknown
True
Total or partial destruction of a pathogen population by suppressive soils, direct parasitism, and competition for food, toxic effects on a pathogen, trap crops and antagonistic plants are all methods of ?
Biological
The use of is considered the cheapest, easiest, and most effective means of controlling plant diseases.
Resistant varieties
What type of pesticide is applied on the surface of the plant in advance of the pathogen.
Protectant
Crop rotation is effective at reducing what type of pathogens?
–Facultative saprophytes & Obligate parasites
What is the chemical difference between organic and inorganic pesticides that we discussed in class?
Organic pesticides contain carbon.
Heat , hot water or air treatments, and eliminating light wave lengths, drying of stored grain, refrigeration of fleshy plant products and radiation are all aimed at protecting the plant by ?
Physical
What type of pesticide actually kill the pathogen inside the host.
Eradicants
The pesticide form as is purchased by the grower?
EC is an example
Formulated pesticide
Soil sterilization routine for greenhouses and when soil is heated to 100 C for 30 minutes it will
kill?
nematodes, bacteria, fungi, weed seeds & viruses
Dithiocarbamates, Quinones, Aromatic compounds
Heterocyclic compounds
Organic Contact Protective pesticide group
What provides protection of a plant by infecting with a mild strain of a virus as opposed to the virulent form of the same virus which causes severe symptoms.
Cross protection
Direct protection, competition with pathogen for food, direct toxic effects and indirect toxic effects on the pathogen are all involved in protection of plants from pathogens by (antagonistic microorganisms, suppressive soils or hypovirulence).
antagonistic microorganisms
Acylalanines, Benzimidazoles, Oxanthiin, Organophosphates, Pyrimidines, Trazoles, Strobilurins
Organic Systemic Pesticide group
The most important single decision a grower makes for his crop production is
Variety selection